Sexual Health News

[Big Sexy]

HIV-positive man gets jail and fine for lying about sex history in blood donation form
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...-form-12069706
By Lydia Lam

SINGAPORE: A man who went to a blood donation drive in hopes of encouraging his colleagues to do the same lied about his sex history and gave HIV-infected blood.

The 58-year-old man, who cannot be named due to a gag order, was sentenced to four months' jail and a S$10,000 fine on Wednesday (Nov 6) after pleading guilty to one charge of giving false information in relation to his blood donation.

He had said "no" to two questions in a form for donors asking if he had ever engaged in sexual activity with another man or if he had engaged in such activities with a person he knew for less than six months in the past year.

The court heard that the man had gone to a blood donation drive at Bloodbank@HSA in Beach Road on May 22 last year.

Before donating his blood, he completed the required questionnaire and went through his answers with a medical officer, confirming that they were correct.

He was also told that it was an offence to lie on the questionnaire and informed of the consequences if convicted for such an offence.

He donated his blood and was given a card with a number to call if he felt that his blood should not be given to any patient. He did not make the phone call.

His blood later tested positive for HIV and the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) called him to return for a medical appointment.

The man told a doctor with HSA's blood services group on Jun 5, 2018, that he had previously engaged in sexual activity with other men and that his last such act was more than a year before his blood donation.

He told the doctor that he had lied in answering the questions as he would not be allowed to donate blood if he had told the truth and he wanted to show his colleagues that blood donation was painless, said Ministry of Health (MOH) prosecutor Andre Moses Tan.

The man told a second officer, this time a public health officer with the National Public Health Unit, that he met men on a website known as Planet Romeo for sexual activities. He claimed that his last sexual activity with another man was in early May 2018, with a casual sex partner.

He revealed in this second interview that he had last tested negative for HIV infection more than 10 years ago during a health screening.

The man told a third officer, an investigation officer from MOH, that he suspected that he had been infected through his mouth in either 2017 or 2018, as he recently had gum and tooth problems.

He was not aware that having sores or gum problems increased the risk of HIV transmission from unprotected oral sex, said the prosecutor.

He had asked for the sentence that was eventually meted out, saying there was a need for general deterrence as Singapore's blood supply "should be protected from any possible infraction as well as infection of innocent persons who receive blood".

The man had not only lied in the form, he also lied to the doctor who was confirming his answers with him and in forms he filled out when he previously donated blood.

He had donated blood on nine previous occasions.

"MOH's position is that it's unlikely that the accused's blood was infected in his previous donations," said the prosecutor.

However, he said that the man had, on the 10th occasion, "exposed potential recipients to a real prospect of harm".

"While his blood was fortunately discovered by HSA to be infected and prevented from being used, the prospect of harm that the accused had exposed potential recipients to is very real."

"NO BAD INTENTION"

The man, who had no lawyer, told the judge that his intention was to encourage his colleagues to donate blood.

"That's all, I have no bad intention," he said. "I just wanted to challenge my colleagues to go for blood donation, that's all."

District Judge Adam Nakhoda told the man that he accepted that he might not have had any bad intentions.

"And you might have had an altruistic motive, which is to encourage your colleagues, but the fact of the matter is a false statement was given ... which can have very dire consequences."

The man said that he would not have gone to donate his blood if he had known about his HIV-positive status.

The judge acknowledged that and told him that if he had intentionally given blood knowing he was HIV-positive, the sentence would be "far more serious".

For giving a false statement in relation to blood donation, the man could have been jailed for up to two years, fined a maximum S$20,000 or both.

Source: CNA/ll(hs)

[Big Sexy]

Weak ejaculation: What does it mean?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326355.php

Weak ejaculation refers to a reduction in the amount of semen a person ejaculates or a reduction in the force of the ejaculation. Doctors may also call weak ejaculation delayed or inhibited ejaculation.

Experiencing periodic weak ejaculation is rarely cause for concern. However, consistent changes to a person's ejaculation may warrant a visit to the doctor.

The underlying cause of weak ejaculation may be physical or psychological. In some cases, both factors may be involved.

This article outlines the potential causes and symptoms of weak ejaculation. We also discuss treatments and provide information on when to see a doctor.

Symptoms

Weak ejaculation occurs when a person has both the sexual stimulation and desire to ejaculate but experiences either or both of the following symptoms:

reduced force of ejaculation
reduced amount of semen
Weak ejaculation may also result in a person experiencing less intense orgasms. This experience is more likely to be the case as an individual becomes older.

According to the International Society for Sexual Medicine, the average semen volume per ejaculate ranges from 1.25 to 5 milliliters (ml). This amount is the equivalent of one-quarter to 1 teaspoon of semen.

It is important to note that semen volumes can vary from one time to another. A person who has not ejaculated for several days is likely to ejaculate more semen than someone who ejaculated more recently.

Also, some males release small amounts of ejaculate despite having typical sperm counts.

According to a 2016 reviewTrusted Source, ejaculation volumes of less than 2 ml on two separate occasions may signal an underlying medical disorder.

Causes
Doctors have identified many different factors that may affect ejaculation. Examples include the following:

Aging
A man's ejaculation may decrease in force and volume as he ages. Doctors often attribute this to lower levels of male sex hormones.

Alcohol
Drinking alcohol may decrease blood flow to the penis and depress the central nervous system. These knock on effects will result in reduced sexual excitement.

Psychological factors
The following psychological factors can all affect someone's ability to ejaculate when they compare it to how they did so previously:

a history of depression
changes in attraction to a partner
past psychological trauma

Nerve damage
Damage to the nerves in the spinal cord, bladder, or other areas that affect ejaculation can impact semen flow.

Males with diabetes may be especially prone to nerve damage induced ejaculation issues.

Sometimes, nerve damage leads to retrograde ejaculation. This condition is where some or all of the ejaculate goes back into the bladder instead of exiting the penis.

Prostate conditions
Having an enlarged prostate or prostate cancer can both affect ejaculation. Additionally, individuals who have had prostate surgery may experience changes in ejaculation due to nerve damage from the surgery.

Sexual factors
The position a person adopts when they are engaging in sex, and a short period of sexual stimulation may affect the intensity of their orgasm. In turn, these factors can affect their ejaculation.

Medications

Certain medications can also cause weak or delayed ejaculation. Examples include:

antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
antipsychotics
beta-blockers and other drugs for treating high blood pressure
muscle relaxants
powerful analgesics, such as methadone for heroin addiction
A person who is concerned that their medication may be causing ejaculation problems should talk to their doctor. People must not stop taking prescription medications without their doctor's consent.

Treatment
The treatments to help relieve weak ejaculation depend upon the underlying cause. Some potential therapies are as follows:

Pelvic muscle exercises
In some cases, doctors may recommend performing Kegel exercises or some other form of pelvic muscle exercise. These exercises help to strengthen the muscles that control ejaculation. They may be particularly beneficial for anyone whose ejaculation issues are the result of natural aging.

Kegel exercises involve tightening and releasing the pelvic floor muscles. These are the muscles people can feel if they stop their urine flow midstream.

In the case of males, they should contract the muscles for 5 seconds at a time, then release the contraction. Repeating this process 10 to 20 times completes one set of exercises. Males should aim to perform three or four sets per day.

Medications
There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved medications to treat weak ejaculation. However, doctors may prescribe several different drugs to enhance sexual function.

The type of medicine a doctor prescribes will depend on the underlying cause of weak ejaculation. Some examples include:

amantadine
bethanechol
bupropion
buspirone
cyproheptadine
yohimbine
testosterone

Psychotherapy
A doctor may ask a person about any psychological factors that could be affecting their sexual function.

If appropriate, the doctor may make a referral for the individual to see a therapist or psychiatrist, including psychiatrists who may specialize in sexual medicine.

When to see a doctor

Weak ejaculation is rarely a medical emergency. However, it can be very concerning for someone experiencing it regularly.

If a person has consistent episodes of weak ejaculation for 6 months, they should talk to his doctor who can help them to identify the underlying cause.

A person should also see a doctor is they think that changes to their ejaculation could be affecting their fertility. This may be the case if the individual and their partner have been trying to conceive for a long time.

Summary
Weak ejaculation is a complicated condition with many potential underlying causes.

There are currently no FDA-approved medicines for weak ejaculation. As a result, people may have to try several different therapies or approaches to enhance their sexual function.

Males who notice continued changes in their ejaculation should talk to their doctor. In some cases, weak ejaculation can reduce fertility or may indicate an underlying health condition

[Big Sexy]

What to know about dry orgasms
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325757.php

Dry orgasm, or orgasmic anejaculation, means that orgasm occurs without ejaculation, so the penis does not release semen as usual.

There are several possible causes of a dry orgasm. Some are temporary, but others may be long-lasting or even permanent.

Dry orgasms themselves are not a health concern, but the underlying issue may require treatment in some cases. Dry orgasms can take a mental toll if a person feels embarrassed to discuss the issue with a partner. They may also affect a person's ability to have children.

Treatment is available for some causes of dry orgasm, so it is best to see a doctor for a diagnosis.

Repeated orgasm

One common cause of a dry orgasm is having repeated orgasms.

Having multiple orgasms in a short period may cause a dry orgasm. It takes time for the body to replenish its semen stores, and having numerous orgasms can deplete these stores. This issue is not typically a cause for concern.

Some people regenerate semen faster than others, but the body should start producing more semen after a few hours of rest.

Genetic abnormalities
Some people do not produce enough semen to ejaculate, which may be due to a genetic abnormality.

If this is the case, there is nothing wrong with the person's health.

Testosterone deficiency
Low testosterone levels may also contribute to reduced ejaculation, particularly as a person gets older, and their testosterone levels decline. It can also occur in people with hormonal imbalances.

Blockages
Some dry orgasm issues may also stem from blockages in the urethra or ejaculatory duct, which is the small tube through which the semen travels during ejaculation.

A cyst may grow within these ducts, or sperm may become trapped and fail to leave the body.

Nerve damage
Nerve damage may also lead to issues with ejaculation. Nerve damage may occur as a result of an accident that causes spinal injury or as a complication of another condition, such as cancer, diabetes, or multiple sclerosis.

Surgeries

Surgical treatment in a part of the body close to the penis may also cause dry orgasm.

A person who undergoes the removal of their prostate, bladder, or lymph nodes may no longer produce semen or ejaculate. These surgeries may affect the muscles or nerves that play a role in ejaculation.

For example, surgeries for prostate cancer that remove the prostate or seminal vesicles will result in permanent dry orgasm. As the American Cancer Society note, the testicles will still make sperm cells, but the body will reabsorb them rather than producing semen.

This reabsorption does not harm the body or lead to any complications other than dry orgasm.

Surgical procedures and other medical treatments that may affect ejaculation and lead to dry orgasm include:

cystectomy
prostatectomy
open prostatectomy
laser prostate surgery
lymph node dissection
transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP
transurethral incision of the prostate, or TUIP
transurethral microwave therapy, or TUMT
radiation therapy

Retrograde orgasm vs. dry orgasm
Many people confuse a dry orgasm with a retrograde orgasm. The result of both is similar in that the individual does not ejaculate semen during orgasm.

However, in a retrograde orgasm, this occurs slightly differently. When people with retrograde orgasm have an orgasm, the ejaculate comes out, but it goes into the bladder instead of out through the penis.

Retrograde orgasm occurs because the bladder does not stay closed during an orgasm, which it usually would to prevent backflow. When it cannot remain closed, semen can easily travel into the bladder instead of out through the urethra. Following a retrograde orgasm, the body releases the semen in the urine, which can make the urine appear cloudy.

Retrograde orgasms may be more common in people who undergo specific medical procedures, such as surgeries involving the prostate. Certain medications, such as alpha-blockers, may also cause retrograde orgasm.

On the other hand, dry orgasm is the term for when an individual does not ejaculate semen during orgasm. Therefore, although retrograde orgasms and dry orgasms may have similar causes and the same outcome, they are different.

Diagnosis

Anyone who is experiencing dry orgasm should see a doctor.

The doctor will ask a series of questions about the person's symptoms. They may also ask about the types of medication that the person takes and whether they have had any surgical procedures.

In most cases, the doctor will also perform a physical exam of the area, including the prostate, penis, and rectum.

To help find the cause of the dry orgasm, the doctor may want to test the urine after a person has an orgasm.

To do this, they will give the person a urine sample cup and ask them to masturbate in a bathroom until they climax. The person then urinates after climaxing, collecting a urine sample in the provided container. This process can help identify cases of retrograde ejaculation and make it easier for doctors to diagnose the underlying cause.

From there, the doctor may order several different tests, depending on what they suspect the underlying cause to be. A thorough diagnosis is important in each case to determine possible treatments.

Treatments
Treating dry orgasm itself is not possible. However, in some cases, treating the underlying cause will prevent future dry orgasms.

For instance, if a person takes certain medications that cause dry orgasms, doctors may recommend switching to a different medication, which may resolve this symptom.

Dry orgasms are not treatable in other cases, such as following surgeries that remove part of the prostate.

Although dry orgasms do not affect overall health, they may affect a person's fertility. Anyone trying to conceive should speak to a doctor, who may make a referral to a fertility specialist to discuss treatments and therapies to help restore the ability to ejaculate. Even if the person cannot conceive through sex, there are other options to retrieve sperm and fertilize an egg.

For retrograde orgasms, doctors may recommend several medical treatments or procedures to help keep the bladder closed during climax. Alternatively, as the authors of a review article note, if a person tries to only orgasm when they have a full bladder, it may be possible to retrieve sperm from the urine for insemination.

Takeaway
Anyone who has dry orgasms should talk to their doctor. Doctors can help determine any underlying issues and offer treatments where possible. While dry orgasm itself is typically not a cause for concern, doctors will try to discover the underlying issue.

Some causes may be treatable with medication changes or therapy, but dry orgasm can sometimes be permanent.

Chronic dry orgasm may affect a person's ability to have children naturally. A doctor can offer advice on other ways to conceive children.

It is important to note that some people with dry orgasm may still release sperm in very small amounts. As a result, using protection during sex is still important to prevent unplanned pregnancies.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about condoms and allergies
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326338.php
Written by Jamie Eske Medically reviewed by Deborah Weatherspoon, Ph.D., R.N., CRNA

Some people experience itchiness, redness, or swelling after using a condom. These can be symptoms of a latex allergy.

Latex comes from the milky sap of rubber trees. Manufacturers use latex in a variety of medical and commercial products, including condoms.

Natural rubber latex contains proteins that can cause allergic reactions. According to a 2016 review Trusted Source, these allergies may occur in around 4.3% of the world's population.

Latex allergies develop gradually through repeated exposure to latex products. The symptoms can vary greatly in severity.

This article describes the symptoms of a latex allergy and looks into other allergic reactions that can occur during or after sex. We also discuss treatment options and when to see a doctor.

Symptoms
A person can have an allergic reaction after touching latex products or inhaling latex particles. The allergic reaction can vary in severity, causing a wide range of symptoms.

Mild allergic reaction
A mild allergic reaction to latex can cause immediate symptoms, such as:

itchiness
swelling
redness
a rash

Moderate allergic reaction
Symptoms of a moderate reaction to latex include:

an itchy throat
a runny nose
sneezing
coughing
wheezing
difficulty breathing

Severe allergic reaction
A person with a severe allergy may experience a life threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.

During anaphylaxis, the immune system triggers the release of large numbers of inflammatory compounds called histamines. These compounds cause rapid and severe inflammation throughout the body.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

hives
swelling
low blood pressure
nausea
tightness in the throat
dizziness
vomiting
diarrhea
stomach pain
fainting
breathing difficulties
a rapid heartbeat
a sense of doom
cardiac arrest

The symptoms of anaphylaxis occur suddenly and can progress rapidly. People experiencing this require immediate treatment with epinephrine, a drug that counteracts allergic reactions.

A person should contact emergency services immediately if they or someone around them experiences anaphylaxis.

Diagnosing latex allergies
To diagnose a latex allergy, a doctor will review the person's medical history and symptoms.

The doctor may also ask about the person's job. People who regularly work with latex products have an increased riskTrusted Source of developing a latex allergy. Examples include healthcare workers and housekeeping personnel.

Additionally, an allergist may perform a skin prick test to check whether the person's skin reacts to the proteins in latex. They may also test the person's blood for the presence of latex antibodies.

Other types of condom-related allergy
If a person has an allergic reaction after using a condom, latex may not be the culprit.

Many condom manufacturers coat their products in substances such as spermicide and lubricant. These can contain chemicals that can irritate sensitive genital tissues.

Spermicide

Spermicide is a form of birth control that prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Spermicide is available as a gel, foam, or suppository. People can also buy condoms coated in spermicide.

The active ingredient in many spermicides is nonoxynol-9, which kills sperm cells. When a person uses it frequently, however, it can cause irritation and soreness.

According to a reportTrusted Source from the World Health Organization (WHO), frequent spermicide use may also increase a person's risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) — such as gonorrhea and chlamydia — because it may make the vaginal mucosa more susceptible to invasion from microorganisms.

Lubricant
Personal lubricant can enhance sexual experience, but some lubricants contain chemicals such as propylene glycol and glycerol. These can cause skin irritation in some people.

Some condoms have lubricant coating. People who are sensitive or allergic to compounds in lubricants should use nonlubricated condoms.

Some lubricants also contain spermicides. In a 2018 studyTrusted Source, researchers found that spermicide-containing lubricants can disrupt the structure of vaginal tissue cells. This can increase the risk of infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and STIs.

Latex-fruit syndrome
Some people with a latex allergy are also allergic to certain fruits. The name for this is latex-fruit syndrome.

The crossover occurs because certain fruits contain proteins that are similar to those in latex.

According to a 2016 reviewTrusted Source, people with latex allergies have a 35% risk of an allergy to one or more of the following fruits:

avocado
banana
kiwi
melon
peach
fig
plum
papaya
tomato
For the same reason, though less commonly, people with latex allergies are also allergic to peanuts, chestnuts, or both.

Treatments
The treatment for an allergy depends on its severity. In all cases, people should avoid exposure to anything that triggers a reaction.

Anyone who is sensitive to an ingredient in a lubricant or spermicide should look for products that do not contain the ingredient. People can also try natural lubricants, such as aloe vera gel.

Also, some condoms are made from materials other than latex, such as polyurethane or lambskin.

Individuals who experience severe allergic reactions may need to carry injectable epinephrine. If they have been exposed to an allergen, they should self-inject the epinephrine while waiting for emergency help to arrive.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if symptoms of an allergic reaction persist for several days after the last exposure to the suspected trigger. Persistent irritation can indicate an infection or another underlying issue.

Symptoms of an infection, such as an STI, can include:

unusual vaginal or penile discharge
frequent urination that may cause a painful burning sensation
foul smelling urine
pain in the stomach or lower back
nausea or vomiting
a fever
A doctor can identify the underlying cause with a physical exam and diagnostic tests. If a person has a genital infection, the doctor will likely prescribe a course of antibiotics.

If a person does not receive treatment for an infection, it may spread and lead to long term complicationsTrusted Source, such as infertility.

Anyone who experiences a severe allergic reaction should seek medical attention immediately.

Takeaway
Latex proteins and substances in lubricants and spermicides can all cause allergic reactions. These allergies can significantly affect a person's sexual experience. In severe cases, they may even be life threatening.

It can help to check the labels on products for use during sex because some contain known allergens. To help prevent future allergic reactions, a person can try products that do not contain these ingredients.

A doctor can perform tests to confirm whether a person has a particular allergy. These tests involve analyzing a blood sample or exposing the skin to potential allergens.

[wonderfun]

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/103314...-peeing-night/

[wonderfun]

OH BALLS Ten early warning signs of cancer in men – from lumps to peeing in the night

[Big Sexy]

What is the mechanism behind compulsive sexual behavior?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326410.php#5
Written by Maria Cohut, Ph.D. - Fact checked by Gianna D'Emilio

Compulsive sexual behavior can have a serious negative impact on the well-being of the people it affects. But what are the biological factors behind it?


Compulsive sexual behavior — which researchers also refer to as "hypersexuality" — is characterized by intrusive sexual thoughts and impulsive sexual behaviors.

Although it can have a significantly negative impact on a person's quality of life, whether compulsive sexual behavior qualifies as a medical condition is still a matter of debate, and the American Psychiatric Association do not yet recognize it as a "disorder."

No clear data indicate just how many people around the world experience symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior, but older estimates suggest a prevalence of about 3–6%Trusted Source.

But does compulsive sexual behavior have any underlying biological factors, and if so, which?

Researchers have recently tried to find an answer to this question. The team is from the Uppsala and Umeå universities and Stockholm's Karolinska Institutet — all in Sweden — as well as from the University of Zürich, in Switzerland, and the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, in Russia. In their research, they decided to focus on the possible role that epigenetic mechanisms — mechanisms that can affect gene expression — may play in determining compulsive sexual behavior.

Study finds specific DNA differences
In their study paper — which appeared yesterday in the journal Epigenetics — the researchers explain that "An increasing number of studies suggest a significant role of epigenetic modifications [...] on sexual behavior and human brain functioning."

Thus, the team "set out to investigate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms behind hypersexual disorder so [as to] determine whether it has any hallmarks that make it distinct from other health issues," notes the study's lead author, Adrian Boström.

To do this, the team recruited 60 participants — both male and female — who expressed compulsive sexual behaviors, as well as another 33 participants who did not.

The researchers collected blood samples from all participants and assessed patterns of DNA methylation — an epigenetic mechanism that plays a key role in gene regulation.

More specifically, the team assessed 8,852 regions of DNA methylation and the microRNAs — noncoding molecules — that they were associated with. The goal was to find out whether any epigenetic modifications were specific to the participants with compulsive sexual behavior.

The team found two specific DNA regions with particular modifications that were only present in individuals with compulsive sexual behavior. These were associated with MIR708 and MIR4456, the genes that encode the microRNA molecules of the same names.

One of these forms of microRNA, miRNA4456, normally helps regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of oxytocin, also called the "love hormone" because it is involved in sexual behavior and pair bonding.

Because the MIR4456 gene is affected in people with compulsive sexual behavior, this could mean that they produce unusually high levels of oxytocin, which may lead to unwanted symptoms. However, the researchers emphasize that, so far, this is only a hypothesis — they have not yet been able to confirm it.

"Further research will be needed to investigate the role of miRNA4456 and oxytocin in hypersexual disorder, but our results suggest it could be worthwhile to examine the benefits of drug[s] and psychotherapy to reduce the activity of oxytocin," suggests one of the study's co-authors, Prof. Jussi Jokinen.

Possible role of gene-regulating mechanisms
In addition to this, the researchers compared these blood samples to another set, which they collected from a separate cohort of 107 individuals, 24 of whom had alcohol dependence.

With this second analysis, the investigators were aiming to find out whether there were any common patterns between the epigenetic profiles of the group with compulsive sexual behavior and those of the group with alcohol dependence. In short, they wanted to see if the former shared molecular pathways associated with addiction.

This comparison showed that individuals with alcohol dependence and those with compulsive sexual behavior both had under-methylation in the same DNA region. This, the investigators believe, may tie in to the presence of addiction-like symptoms in people who experience unwanted, persistent sexual impulses.

"To our knowledge, our study is the first to implicate dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms of both DNA methylation and microRNA activity and the involvement of oxytocin in the brain among patients seeking treatment for hypersexuality."

Adrian Boström

Compulsive sexual behavior can have a serious negative impact on the well-being of the people it affects. But what are the biological factors behind it?

What drives compulsive sexual behavior? A new study looks into the possible molecular mechanisms.
Compulsive sexual behavior — which researchers also refer to as "hypersexuality" — is characterized by intrusive sexual thoughts and impulsive sexual behaviors.

Although it can have a significantly negative impact on a person's quality of life, whether compulsive sexual behavior qualifies as a medical condition is still a matter of debate, and the American Psychiatric Association do not yet recognize it as a "disorder."

No clear data indicate just how many people around the world experience symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior, but older estimates suggest a prevalence of about 3–6%Trusted Source.

But does compulsive sexual behavior have any underlying biological factors, and if so, which?

Researchers have recently tried to find an answer to this question. The team is from the Uppsala and Umeå universities and Stockholm's Karolinska Institutet — all in Sweden — as well as from the University of Zürich, in Switzerland, and the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, in Russia.

In their research, they decided to focus on the possible role that epigenetic mechanisms — mechanisms that can affect gene expression — may play in determining compulsive sexual behavior.

Study finds specific DNA differences
In their study paper — which appeared yesterday in the journal Epigenetics — the researchers explain that "An increasing number of studies suggest a significant role of epigenetic modifications [...] on sexual behavior and human brain functioning."

Thus, the team "set out to investigate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms behind hypersexual disorder so [as to] determine whether it has any hallmarks that make it distinct from other health issues," notes the study's lead author, Adrian Boström.

To do this, the team recruited 60 participants — both male and female — who expressed compulsive sexual behaviors, as well as another 33 participants who did not.

The researchers collected blood samples from all participants and assessed patterns of DNA methylation — an epigenetic mechanism that plays a key role in gene regulation.

More specifically, the team assessed 8,852 regions of DNA methylation and the microRNAs — noncoding molecules — that they were associated with. The goal was to find out whether any epigenetic modifications were specific to the participants with compulsive sexual behavior.

The team found two specific DNA regions with particular modifications that were only present in individuals with compulsive sexual behavior. These were associated with MIR708 and MIR4456, the genes that encode the microRNA molecules of the same names.

One of these forms of microRNA, miRNA4456, normally helps regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of oxytocin, also called the "love hormone" because it is involved in sexual behavior and pair bonding.

Because the MIR4456 gene is affected in people with compulsive sexual behavior, this could mean that they produce unusually high levels of oxytocin, which may lead to unwanted symptoms. However, the researchers emphasize that, so far, this is only a hypothesis — they have not yet been able to confirm it.

"Further research will be needed to investigate the role of miRNA4456 and oxytocin in hypersexual disorder, but our results suggest it could be worthwhile to examine the benefits of drug[s] and psychotherapy to reduce the activity of oxytocin," suggests one of the study's co-authors, Prof. Jussi Jokinen.

Possible role of gene-regulating mechanisms
In addition to this, the researchers compared these blood samples to another set, which they collected from a separate cohort of 107 individuals, 24 of whom had alcohol dependence.

With this second analysis, the investigators were aiming to find out whether there were any common patterns between the epigenetic profiles of the group with compulsive sexual behavior and those of the group with alcohol dependence. In short, they wanted to see if the former shared molecular pathways associated with addiction.

This comparison showed that individuals with alcohol dependence and those with compulsive sexual behavior both had under-methylation in the same DNA region. This, the investigators believe, may tie in to the presence of addiction-like symptoms in people who experience unwanted, persistent sexual impulses.

"To our knowledge, our study is the first to implicate dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms of both DNA methylation and microRNA activity and the involvement of oxytocin in the brain among patients seeking treatment for hypersexuality."

Adrian Boström

Boström and colleagues do, nevertheless, note that their study encountered some limitations, including the fact that the mean difference in DNA methylation between individuals with and without compulsive sexual behavior is only 2.6%, approximately.

This, they admit, could mean that the impact is not important enough to actually influence individuals' behaviors.

"There is, however, now a growing body of literature on specific genes suggesting wide ranging [...] consequences of subtle methylation changes (1–5%), especially in complex multifactorial conditions like depression or schizophrenia," the researchers conclude, suggesting that further studies should not overlook their findings.

[Big Sexy]

What causes itching after sex?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326377.php
Medically reviewed by Valinda Riggins Nwadike — Written by Beth Sissons

Genital itching after sex can sometimes be due to dry skin or a lack of lubrication around the genital area. In cases where itching persists, this symptom could be a sign of an infection, allergic reaction, or sexually transmitted infection (STI).

In this article, we look at the possible causes of genital itching in females and males and discuss the treatment options.

Causes in males and females
Some causes of genital itching after sex are the same, regardless of biological sex. Some of the symptoms, however, can differ. Below, we discuss allergies and infections that can affect both males and females.

Latex allergy

A latex allergy means that the immune system reacts strongly to any product containing latex. Latex condoms or lubricants that contain latex can cause uncomfortable symptoms in people with a latex allergy. These symptoms can include itching, redness, and swelling around the genital area after sexual activity.

People can try using latex free condoms and lubricants to see whether this relieves their symptoms.

Latex can cause three different allergic reactions:

Contact dermatitis

When latex triggers contact dermatitis, the reaction may not occur until 12–36 hours after contact with the skin. Symptoms can include:

itching
redness and irritation
skin appearing scaly
Immediate allergic reaction

This type of reaction happens in people who have become sensitive to latex through previous exposure to it. Coming into contact with latex again triggers a response from the immune system, and people may experience:

a runny nose
sneezing
coughing
wheezing
watery eyes
itchy eyes and throat
Anaphylaxis

In some cases, latex can cause anaphylaxis, which is a very severe allergic reaction. If a person notices any signs of anaphylaxis, they should seek immediate medical attention or call 911 or the local emergency number.

STIs
STIs often do not produce any symptoms, but they can sometimes cause vaginal or penile itching. This itching and any other symptoms, which depend on the type of STI, may take several days to appear.

Common STIs that can cause itching include chlamydia, herpes, and gonorrhea.

Symptoms of STIs in females can include:

unusual or increased discharge from the vagina
unusual vaginal odor
pain when urinating
bleeding between periods
fever and chills
sores around the genitals or mouth
pain in the rectum
Symptoms of STIs in males can include:

unusual discharge from the penis, which may be yellow, green, or white
pain when urinating
in some cases, swollen or painful testicles
sores or warts around the genitals or mouth
flu-like symptoms
pain in the rectum


Causes in females
As we discussed above, itching around the vulva or vagina after sex can be due to allergic reactions or STIs. Vaginal dryness, a vaginal infection, or sperm allergy can also cause genital itching specific to females. We look at these causes in more detail below.

Vaginal dryness

A person with vaginal dryness may also experience a more frequent need to urinate. Vaginal dryness can cause itchiness and pain in or around the vagina during or after sex. People may also have:

soreness around the genitals
a more frequent need to urinate
repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Changes in hormone levels can create vaginal dryness. People may experience this if they:

have gone or are going through menopause
use hormonal birth control
take antidepressants
are having chemotherapy
have had a hysterectomy
are breastfeeding
Using scented products in the vagina or douching can also cause vaginal dryness. Sometimes, vaginal dryness may be a sign of an underlying health condition, such as diabetes or Sjogren's syndrome.

Vaginal infections
Sexual intercourse can sometimes cause an imbalance in the pH balance and bacteria in the vagina. This imbalance can cause a yeast or bacterial infection.

A yeast infection occurs when there is an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida. People may also refer to it as vaginal thrush, vulvovaginal thrust, or candidiasis.

Along with itching, a vaginal yeast infection can cause:

painful urination
redness and swelling of the vagina and the area around the vulva
a burning sensation
painful sex, also called dyspareunia
thick, white, odorless discharge that looks like cottage cheese
Learn more about yeast infections after sex here.

Bacterial infections arise from an overgrowth of bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal bacterial infection, which can cause:

vaginal itching
a fish-like odor from the vagina
grey or white discharge

Sperm allergy
Sperm allergy mostly affects women and is also called semen allergy or seminal plasma hypersensitivity.

An allergy to the proteins present in semen can affect any part of the body that has contact with semen, including the vagina, skin, and mouth. It typically causes symptoms to develop within 10–30 minutes of the bodily contact.

In addition to itching genitals, sperm allergy can cause:

redness
swelling
a burning sensation
pain

In more severe cases, people can also experience anaphylaxis from a sperm allergy.


Causes in males
As we mentioned earlier in the article, itching around the penis or testicles after sex can arise due to allergic reactions or STIs. Although it is uncommon, males may also develop thrush from sexual activity. A reaction to spermicide can also lead to genital itching. We look at these causes in more detail in the following sections.

Male candidiasis
Although yeast infections are less common in males than in females, males can also get thrush. Thrush can cause genital itching, and it has an association with sexual activity.

In males, thrush is sometimes called male candidiasis. It can affect the head of the penis and the foreskin, causing itching, soreness, and swelling. It sometimes also produces a thick, white, lumpy discharge.

Thrush can occur in males with a sexual partner who has vaginal candidiasis and in those with diabetes.

Read about thrush in men.

A reaction to spermicides
A reaction to spermicides is more common in males, but it can also affect females. Substances in spermicides can cause sensitivity or allergic reactions that can create an itching sensation around the genitals. Nonoxynol-9 is a chemical in spermicides that can irritate the genitals.

Irritation to the genitals can increase the risk of infections, including HIV and other STIs, entering the body.

Treatment and relief
Using a condom can prevent an allergic reaction to sperm. People can also receive treatment for a sperm allergy. A doctor or allergist will place some diluted semen into the vagina and then gradually increase the amount to allow the body to develop a tolerance.

For people with a sperm or latex allergy, a doctor may prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector, known as an EpiPen, in case of a severe allergic reaction.

If people have vaginal dryness, they can use a vaginal moisturizer. It is important to use a moisturizer that manufacturers designed specifically for this purpose and avoid putting any other lotions into the vagina.

Foreplay may increase arousal during sex, which may help reduce vaginal dryness.

If itching is due to a vaginal infection, a doctor may prescribe antifungal or antibiotic medication to treat the infection.

Learn about home remedies for yeast infections and home remedies for bacterial vaginosis.

Anyone who thinks that they might have an STI should see a doctor, who will be able to diagnose the infection and provide medication to treat it.

Prevention

People may be able to help prevent an itching sensation after sex by doing the following:

avoiding douching
using nonlatex condoms if latex causes irritation
using a water based lubricant before having sex
changing spermicides or switching to another form of birth control
Stopping using other irritants that can cause itching of the genitals may also help. Try avoiding:

vaginal deodorants or sprays
scented sanitary products
the use of perfumed soaps and chemical bathing products around the genitals
People can wash their genitals with mild soap and warm water to keep them clean. Females can wash the vulva and avoid washing inside the vagina.

Summary

Itching genitals after sex can be normal, and this symptom is often no cause for concern if it goes away shortly. However, if itching continues, it may be a sign of an allergy or infection.

A person should see their doctor if the itching does not go away or if they notice any unusual symptoms alongside it, such as:

unexpected bleeding
unusual discharge
warts or sores around the genitals or mouth
redness or swelling
pain during sex or urination
If people have symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, they should seek medical help immediately.

[aurahiongka]

tips to make girl pregnant fast? any idea? hehe

[wonderfun]

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/103536...frica-holiday/

[wonderfun]

PENIS PARASITE British man, 32, nearly died after parasite crawled up his penis and laids eggs as he swam in lake on Africa holiday.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about semen leakage
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326393.php
Medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez — Written by Jayne Leonard

Semen leakage, which occurs when semen seeps out of the penis, is a common occurrence. Semen is a whitish fluid that contains sperm. It often leaks out during sexual activity, regardless of whether ejaculation occurs.

Some people may also experience semen leakage while asleep or after urination. Occasionally, it can signal an underlying health condition that requires treatment.

In this article, we discuss common causes of semen leakage, potential treatment options, and when to see a doctor.

Causes
Semen leakage may occur at certain times or as a result of an underlying medical condition.

In the sections below, we list some potential causes.

During sexual arousal
Semen leakage may occur during sexual arousal, after urination, and during sleep.
Some semen may leak out during periods of sexual arousal.

For example, semen leakage may occur during any type of sexual activity or while having sexual thoughts. Leakage may also occur just before or just after ejaculation.

Another fluid, called pre-ejaculatory fluid, may also leak during sexual activity. Pre-ejaculatory fluid is also known as precum.

This fluid may sometimes contain sperm, which is why it is important to use a condom or another form of contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy.

Learn more about precum and pregnancy here.

After urination
Leakage after urination may occur if semen remains in the urethra after ejaculation. Sometimes, this can mix with the urine, which causes the urine to appear cloudy.

Semen leakage after ejaculation is not a cause for concern. However, not all discharge from the penis is semen.

Discharge may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It may also indicate urinary incontinence, or unintentional urine loss.

During sleep
Adolescents and younger adults commonly experience semen leakage during sleep, although it can affect males of any age.

Known as nocturnal emissions, or wet dreams, these nighttime leakages occur when dreams cause sexual arousal. Contact with bedding or clothing may also cause arousal and subsequent ejaculation of semen.

Learn more about wet dreams here.

Prostatitis
Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, which is a small gland between the bladder and the penis. The prostate produces semen.

Prostatitis is the most common urinary tract issue for males under 50, and the third most common for those over 50. It can cause the following symptoms:

discharge from the penis that can look like semen
pain in the genital area, lower abdomen, or lower back
painful, urgent, or frequent urination
flu-like symptoms
If prostatitis lasts for at least 3 months or recurs frequently, it is known as chronic prostatitis. It can cause erectile dysfunction, painful ejaculation, and other sexual problems.

Nervous system injury
The nervous system is the complex network of nerves and cells that transmits messages between the brain and other parts of the body. It controls all of the body's functions, including ejaculation.

Damage to the nervous system may cause semen leakage or other changes in ejaculation.

Injuries and serious medical conditions that can cause nervous system damage include:

injury to the head or spinal cord
brain tumor
exposure to poisons, such as carbon monoxide or heavy metals
degenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis
infections in the brain or around the brain and spinal cord
drug or alcohol misuse
diabetes
Guillain–Barré syndrome
nutritional deficiencies, such as a vitamin B-12 deficiency

A side effect of medication
Taking certain medications can cause changes to ejaculation. For example, some drugs can result in semen leakage, a lack of sexual desire, or erectile dysfunction.

Examples of such medications include:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which are a class of antidepressants
mood stabilizers
hormone treatments

Prostate cancer
Cancer is another condition that affects the prostate gland. After skin cancer and lung cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer among males. It affects approximately 1 in every 9 males at some point in their lives.

In the early stages, prostate cancer may not cause any symptoms. As it progresses, however, symptoms may include:

changes in semen and ejaculation
difficulty urinating
blood in the semen
pelvic discomfort
erectile dysfunction
Although prostate cancer is a serious condition that requires medical treatment, the American Cancer Society report that most males with prostate cancer do not die from it.

It is important for people to seek treatment if they experience any of the symptoms listed above.

When to see a doctor
A person should speak to their doctor if they experience pain during ejaculation or urination.
Semen leakage during certain activities is normal. However, frequent or excessive leakage may cause distress. People who have concerns about semen leakage, or other aspects of sexual functioning, can speak to their doctor.

They will be able to provide reassurance and support. They can also investigate any concerns a person may have and prescribe treatments where necessary.

If semen leakage is accompanied by any of the following symptoms, it is a good idea to see a doctor for further investigation:

pain during ejaculation or urination
semen that is bloody or smelly or has an unusual appearance
changes in ejaculation or sexual functioning

Treatment options
Treatment for semen leakage depends on the underlying cause.

During sexual arousal
Semen leakage during sexual arousal is normal and common. It does not require any treatment.

If excessive amounts of fluid leak out and this causes discomfort or embarrassment, a doctor may recommend medication.

After urination
Semen leakage after urination is common for some males. If the leakage is as a result of an STI or urinary incontinence, however, treatment can help.

A doctor will typically treat an STI with antibiotics or other medications. People should not attempt to treat an STI with home remedies, nor should they avoid seeking treatment. Without treatment, STIs can cause serious complications.

Treatment for urinary incontinence includes:

pelvic floor exercises
bladder training techniques
medications
Learn more about how to cope with urinary incontinence here.

During sleep
No treatment is necessary for wet dreams, as they are a natural occurrence. They typically become less frequent after adolescence.

If wet dreams are causing distress or discomfort, the following tips may reduce or prevent them from occurring:

practicing relaxation techniques, such as meditation, before bed
discussing dreams with a psychotherapist
masturbating before going to sleep

Prostatitis
The treatment options for prostatitis depend on the underlying cause.

If prostatitis is due to a bacterial infection, a doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Other medications for prostatitis include muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Home remedies can also relieve some discomfort from prostatitis. Examples include:

drinking plenty of water
taking warm baths
avoiding prolonged periods of sitting
not consuming things that may irritate the bladder, such as citrus fruits, alcohol, and caffeine

Nervous system injury
Treatment for semen leakage resulting from a nervous system injury depends on the cause of the damage.

In most cases, people will require a combination of medicine, lifestyle changes, and other interventions.

A side effect of medication
People who experience changes in sexual function as a result of taking prescription medications should speak to their doctor. There may be alternative treatments available that do not cause semen leakage.

However, it is important to balance the benefits of medication with any adverse reactions that occur. Never stop taking a prescription medication without first seeking medical advice.

Prostate cancer
To reduce the risk of prostate cancer, a person can follow a healthful diet.
The treatment options for cancer of the prostate depend on how fast the cancer is growing, how much it has spread, and the person's general health.

Treatment options for prostate cancer include:

active monitoring of the condition to see how much it progresses
chemotherapy
hormone treatment
radiation therapy
surgery
Learn more about surgery for prostate cancer here.

Prevention
To help reduce or prevent semen leakage, people can try:

masturbating before bed to prevent wet dreams
following a healthful diet to reduce the risk of prostate cancer
exercising regularly to manage weight, as excess weight can increase the risk of cancer and place extra stress on the bladder
discussing the side effects of any new medication with a doctor, and weighing these up against the potential benefits of the treatment
seeing a doctor for regular checkups or if issues arise with urination or sexual function

Summary
Although it may cause discomfort, most cases of semen leakage are normal and not a cause for concern.

Episodes of semen leakage tend to become less common as a person grows older.

Frequent or excessive semen leakage may indicate an underlying health condition, especially in older males. Anyone who has concerns should see their doctor.

[Big Sexy]

Tell your Malaysian friends to visit this forum for STI issue


Commentary: Stigma and shame hold Malaysians back from seeking help for STIs
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...s-hiv-12096352

Is a culture of shame about contracting sexually transmitted infections leading more Malaysians to find answers online? Dr Ilias Yee hits out at this problematic attitude.

KUALA LUMPUR: The Internet has increasingly become the place where Malaysians search for answers to their medical concerns at their fingertips.

In a study published in November, researchers from the University of San Diego found that a staggering 58 per cent of posts on a Reddit thread about sexually transmitted infections (STI) requested for public opinions or a “crowd diagnosis” of their symptoms.

Would that also be the case in Malaysia? You bet. Try typing in “STI forum Malaysia” on your search engine and you will be served with dozens of unregulated and unmonitored forums discussing how one can contract an STI, some of which have no medical basis.

Thankfully, some responses on a few local forums provide helpful suggestions, urging netizens to visit a certified clinic and discouraging verbal abuse that border on discrimination.

You might find it a surprising place to seek out answers to whether they might have an STI, but anecdotally, many Malaysians share that they search for home STI testing kits on online shopping platforms.

It is difficult to determine the veracity of these products despite personal reviews and the companies’ claims, but that does not stop Malaysians from buying them.

Such an approach could result in potential delays to diagnosis and treatment, increasing the risk of further spreading the disease. If such resistance to seeking diagnosis becomes more widespread, it could pose a public health concern.

WHY CROWD DIAGNOSIS IS PROBLEMATIC

Public forum sites allow users to ask questions anonymously and receive a variety of free and seemingly “legit” answers from the masses. However, this may give someone searching for answers misplaced confidence in the wisdom of crowds, as well as the notion that any health question can be tackled by harnessing the power of the Internet.

Given the sensitive nature of this topic, it is understandable that one would resort to online sources in hopes of a quick solution while remaining anonymous.

But such sentiments and secrecy could fuel an even larger tendency to self-diagnose and consume antibiotics or antiviral drugs that might not be necessary.

Notably, gonorrhoea infection is now resistant to most families of antibiotics, as a result of improper prescribing and misuse of antibiotics.

An incorrect diagnosis and mistreatment of an STI may not only lead to complications to a patient’s condition, but may also negatively impact public health.

THE STIGMA OF STDS IN MALAYSIA

The topic of STIs remains taboo in many societies, so it is not openly discussed. But what makes this subject even harder to talk about in Malaysia?

Almost half of the participants living with HIV claimed that they have been gossiped about over the past 12 months, according to a 2012 People Living with HIV Stigma Index carried out by the Positive Malaysian Treatment Access and Advocacy Group.

Almost one in six also say they have been excluded from social gatherings and religious activities, with more reporting being on the receiving end of verbal abuse or physical assault.

Research reveals disturbing attitudes about sex and STIs in Malaysia. Studies in 2017 suggest that while Malaysians’ awareness of HIV is high, it is less so for non-HIV STIs. Despite understanding the risks, many sexually active youths still engage in unprotected sex.

Moreover, sexual activity has become the leading cause of contracting HIV in Malaysia. Health Minister Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad highlighted in December 2018 that sexual transmission is responsible for 91 per cent of all reported HIV cases in 2017, compared to just 33 per cent in 2002.

Such statistics should encourage Malaysians to practise safer sex, yet they remain reluctant to do so. Perhaps some are unwilling to use contraception for fear of being judged or causing suspicion from their partners.

This mindset could have contributed to a 140 per cent increase in HIV transmission cases due to unprotected sexual intercourse from 2002 to 2017, according to the Malaysian Ministry of Health’s Country Report Progress 2018.

The high cost of diagnostic tests is an additional barrier to providing proper treatment to STIs. For example, the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test can detect common STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia in the absence of symptoms.

However, it is an expensive test. Many cannot afford to pay out of pocket for it in private clinics, and likewise, it is not readily available in public clinics.

Since a significant proportion of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections are asymptomatic, without diagnostic tests, many infections go undiagnosed. They only surface much later when complications begin to manifest.

OVERCOMING SHAME AND STIGMA

There should be more accessible options for professional consultation when it comes to STIs. They can come in the form of innovative online platforms that readily connect patients to doctors wherever they are, such as DoctorOnCall.

Such services guarantee patients experienced professionals who can advise them on proper treatment, while maintaining patient-doctor confidentiality.

Additionally, if the condition requires further investigation, a qualified doctor is in a better position to guide patients through suitable procedures, and can refer patients to a hospital or clinic equipped to conduct more complex tests.

Sex and sexual health have been taboo for too long and it’s time we embrace these topics with the right attitude. That includes being mature enough to acknowledge that sex is a part of life, and that a number of people contract STIs at some point of their lives.

Dr Ilias Yee is a Malaysian medical practitioner at the Community Health Care clinic, and has been championing issues related to sexual health, HIV and substance use disorders for over a decade.

Source: CNA/el(sl)

[Big Sexy]

What is the average size of testicles?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326432.php
Medically reviewed by J. Keith Fisher, M.D. on September 24, 2019 — Written by Jenna Fletcher

The testicles are oval-shaped male reproductive glands. They sit inside the scrotum, which is a thin membrane of skin that hangs below and behind the penis.

The function of the testicles is to produce sperm and male hormones, such as testosterone.

Most adult males have two testicles, and each typically measures around 4 x 3 x 2 centimeters (cm). However, testicle size can vary. It is also common to have one testicle that is smaller than the other.

Keep reading for more information about testicle size and growth and how to perform a self-examination.

Does size matter for health?

In general, the size of the testicles does not directly affect health. However, some studies in animals suggest that testicle size may affect the amount of sperm that a male produces.

For example, a 2011 study in sheep found that testicle size directly related to the production of both testosterone and sperm. This study also suggested that larger testicle size may be more attractive to females. However, researchers have yet to show whether these results apply to humans.

While a person with smaller testicles may produce less testosterone, there may also be some advantages. A 2013 study suggested that men with slightly smaller testicles may have a more nurturing parenting style.

The study looked at activity in a part of the brain involved in paternal nurturing behavior. Participants with smaller testicles showed greater activation in this area when viewing pictures of their children, compared with those who had larger testicles.

Hypogonadism
Some males have lower testosterone levels than others. Doctors refer to unusually low testosterone levels as testosterone deficiency or male hypogonadism. Typical symptoms can include:

testicles that are smaller than average
less facial hair or less male-pattern body hair
growth of breast tissue
symptoms similar to those of Klinefelter syndrome, which we describe below
Hypogonadism may develop during puberty, and a doctor will usually treat the condition with testosterone replacement therapy.

Klinefelter syndrome
Some males have smaller testicles as a result of Klinefelter syndrome. This results from being born with an extra X chromosome.

Klinefelter syndrome can cause the following symptoms:

undescended testicles
lower sperm activity
lower testosterone levels
certain female characteristics
infertility, in some cases

Growth over time
During puberty, the testicles start to grow to their full size.
The testicles start to grow to their full size during puberty. The growth stops when the testicles are fully developed.

In general, both testicles tend to grow at the same rate.

However, it is common for one testicle to be slightly smaller than the other. It is also common for one testicle to hang slightly lower than the other.

Do testicles ever shrink?
Testicle size can fluctuate due to changes in temperature. The size of the testicles may also decrease with age.

Temperature-related changes in testicle size
Changes in temperature can temporarily cause the testicles to draw in closer or descend farther from the body.

For example, the testicles may appear smaller when immersed in colder water. Once the body warms up again, the testicles generally return to their usual size.

This is a natural occurrence — the testicles shrink and expand to keep the sperm at a constant temperature.

Age-related changes in testicle size
As the body ages, the testicles grow smaller. The medical name for this is testicular atrophy (TA).

TA tends to be a gradual process. It may occur so slowly that the person does not notice the change in size.

Other symptoms of TA can include reduced muscle mass and a gradual loss of sex drive.

Health concerns to look out for
Some health conditions can cause the testicles to shrink. If signs of these occur, a person should seek medical treatment.

Examples of issues that can cause the testicles to shrink include:

sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis and gonorrhea, tuberculosis, mumps, and some other viral infections
trauma to the testicles
Anyone who has had sex without protection should receive testing for STIs. An STI may cause one or more of the following symptoms:

difficulty urinating
burning while urinating
itchy rashes on or around the genitals
However, depending on the infection, a person may experience no symptoms at all.

If trauma to the testicles occurs, undergo a medical examination as soon as possible.

Tips for good testicle health
If someone discovers a lump on their testicle, they can talk to their doctor.
Males should examine their testicles at least once a month to check for any abnormalities.

Doctors usually recommend performing these examinations after a hot bath or shower. At this time, the skin of the scrotum is most relaxed, making it easier to feel the testicles within.

The American Urological Association provide the following tips for testicular self-examinations:

Perform the test standing up.
Look for any swelling in the scrotum.
Gently feel the scrotal sac to find one of the testicles.
Gently roll the testicle between the thumb and fingers to feel its entire surface.
Repeat the process with the other testicle.
Check carefully for any:

small, hard lump or lumps
swelling, soreness, or pain
changes in size or texture
changes in firmness
A person may feel a cord-like structure, called the epididymis, at the base of each testicle. These bundled tubes carry sperm from the testicles.

Contact a doctor about any changes or lumps in the testicles as soon as possible. The doctor will perform a close examination for signs of disease.

Testicular cancer is one rare but highly treatable disease involving the testicles. If a doctor diagnoses and treats this cancer in its early stages, it is usually curable.

Summary
Testicle size does not generally indicate a cause for concern. Most males have one testicle that is smaller than the other, a testicle that hangs lower than the other, or both.

Certain issues and health conditions, such as testicular cancer, can cause changes in the size and shape of the testicles. Performing regular testicular self-examinations can help catch these diseases early and allow for the best chance of successful treatment.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about vaginal lubrication
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326450.php

Medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, M.D. on September 25, 2019 — Written by Zawn Villines

If you buy something through a link on this page, we may earn a small commission. How this works.
The vagina naturally produces lubrication that helps facilitate sexual activity. If natural lubrication is not enough, people can use artificial lubricant, or lube, to make sexual activity more comfortable.

When a person becomes sexually aroused, their vagina produces extra lubrication. This lubrication reduces friction in the vagina, increasing comfort during sex and minimizing any feelings of soreness or irritation. However, vaginal dryness is a very common sexual issue.

Artificial lubricants reduce vaginal dryness. Lubes are available in many different textures, flavors, and materials to suit a person's needs and preferences.

In this article, we explain natural vaginal lubrication and discuss the types, benefits, and possible side effects of artificial lubrication.

What is natural vaginal lubrication?
Natural vaginal lubrication may occur when a person is experiencing arousal.
Vaginal tissue is naturally moist.

Fluid from the cervix and secretions from the Bartholin glands — two pea sized glands at the entrance to the vagina — help keep the vagina lubricated. During arousal, the Bartholin glands secrete extra fluid to reduce friction.

Occasional vaginal dryness is common, but chronic vaginal dryness can signal either menopause or a medical issue, such as vaginal atrophy. People who routinely struggle with vaginal dryness should talk to a healthcare professional.

As a person ages, the tissue of the vagina thinsTrusted Source. During and after menopause, the body produces less estrogen, which leads to fewer moisturizing secretions and can make the vagina feel dry.

Once the vaginal tissues become thinner, the individual may need more lubrication than they previously did to feel comfortable during sexual activity.

When to use lubricant
It is common, even among healthy people, for the vagina to produce insufficient lubrication. Artificial lubricant replaces the natural vaginal secretions, making the vagina feel more moist and reducing any discomfort resulting from vaginal dryness.

A person might choose to use synthetic lubricant when:

they experience vaginal dryness due to medication
changes in hormone levels during pregnancy or after childbirth cause temporary vaginal dryness
menopause causes vaginal dryness
their vagina does not produce sufficient lubrication — for example, if they "run out" of lubrication after a long session of sexual activity or find that their natural lubricant is insufficient to reduce the friction of sex
they experience pain or itching in their vagina, which can happen when sensitive vaginal tissue is very dry

Types of lubricant
A person who wants to try artificial lubricant has several options, including those below:

Vaginal lubricants
There are a number of vaginal lubricants available in pharmacies and online.
Drugstores stock dozens of vaginal lubricants, which come in different flavors depending on a person's preference.

These products provide short term moisture for various forms of vaginal contact, including sexual activities and vaginal health examinations.

They comprise varying substances with different benefits:

Water based lubricants containing glycerin are popular. However, glycerin free options may be more suitable for people who get frequent yeast infections.

Silicone based lubricants last longer than water based lubricants, making them a good option for people with severe vaginal dryness or a history of pain during sex. They are not safe to use with silicone sex toys, though, and they can be greasy.

Oil based lubricants include many readily available products, such as kitchen oils. They are usually edible and are safe for the vagina, but they can be messy. Synthetic oil based lubricants, such as mineral oil and petroleum jelly, can work well but may also irritate the vulva.
Read more about using Vaseline or olive oil as a sexual lubricant.

Silicone and water based lubricants are safe to use with latex condoms. However, oil based lubricants may destroy latex condoms.

Some lubricants may affect sperm function, potentially decreasing the chances of a person getting pregnant, so those who are trying to conceive should choose a sperm friendly lubricant. People hoping to prevent pregnancy and use lubricants can consider using spermicides along with other contraceptives.

Vaginal moisturizers
Vaginal moisturizers are long acting lubricants that can help with chronic dryness. Their effects usually last for several days.

These products are a good option for people who experience intense vaginal dryness, even when they are not having sex. These moisturizers are safe to use alongside vaginal lubricants.

Some people use coconut oil for vaginal dryness. Studies suggest that coconut oil is an effective moisturizer for other body parts, but there is a lack of research on its benefits for the vagina. People should avoid using coconut oil with a latex condom, as it can break down the latex and make the condom ineffective.

Read about other home remedies for vaginal dryness.

Estrogen creams

Estrogen based creams can treat vaginal dryness that occurs due to low estrogen levels. These creams work by replacing lost estrogen, potentially reversing some of the effects of menopause and medical conditions that cause low estrogen.

Most of these creams require the user to decrease the dosage over time.

Estrogen creams can work well, but they are not safe for people who do not tolerate estrogen well. It is important to discuss with a doctor the risks and benefits of using estrogen cream.

How to use lubricant
When using over-the-counter lubricants and moisturizers, people should always follow the directions on the box.

It is best to start with a small amount of the product and then gradually increase the amount until the vagina feels comfortable. Some people find that reapplying the lubricant several times provides the best results.

A person may find it helpful to experiment with several different lubricants, paying attention to how their body responds to each one. If the vagina feels itchy or sore after using one of these products, this could indicate an allergy or sensitivity to an ingredient in the lubricant.

People should only try estrogen based creams after discussing their use with a healthcare professional. These creams often require a prescription. It is important to follow the directions for use and not exceed the dosage that a healthcare professional recommends.

Estrogen creams can take time to work, and it takes a few weeks for most people to see results.

Risks and side effects
Staying hydrated may help prevent vaginal dryness.
Commercial lubricants are safe for most people.

However, as with any healthcare product, they present some risks, including:

allergic reactions
skin irritation
yeast infections
interfering with fertility
drying up quickly, requiring frequent reapplication
When a person has clinical vaginal dryness, artificial lubricants do not treat the underlying problem. They will not increase estrogen or revive thinning vaginal tissue. People may, therefore, find that these products do not fully resolve the issue.

For those who do not get relief from vaginal dryness when they use commercial lubricants, estrogen creams may be a good option. Some other strategies that may help improve lubrication include:

remaining hydrated
having sex only when aroused
spending more time on foreplay
masturbating before sex
increasing the frequency of masturbation or sex

Summary
Vaginal lubrication can help people have better and more comfortable sexual experiences.

For people with vaginal dryness, the symptoms can be very uncomfortable or frustrating. A healthcare professional can help determine the cause of the dryness and then recommend a suitable solution.

Sex should not be painful, and the vagina should not be a source of discomfort. A person can see a doctor if vaginal dryness persists or does not get better with the use of a commercial lubricant.