Sexual Health News

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What STIs can you get from oral sex?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320807.php

Some people mistakenly believe that it is rare or impossible for sexually transmitted infections to be spread through oral sex.
However, it is possible to get a sexually transmitted infection (STI) from oral sex; in fact, some STIs, such as genital herpes and gonorrhea, are more commonly spread through oral sex than other STIs, such as HIV.

Worldwide, about 1 million new STIs are acquired each day, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is essential that sexually active people understand how STIs are transmitted and how they can reduce the risk of spreading infections.

Oral STIs

It is possible to contract many STIs through oral sex, as oral sex involves close contact and often an exchange of bodily fluids.

STIs spread through contact with bodily fluids or skin that is infected with the STI. Different STIs spread at different rates and through various bodily fluids. The chances of getting an STI depend on a variety of factors.

The STIs most frequently spread through oral sex include:

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a virus that is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal contact with someone who has herpes. It is highly contagious and tends to be more contagious during an active outbreak.

The primary symptom of herpes is the appearance of blister-like sores on or around the genitals. The sores may spread to the thighs, buttocks, or other nearby regions. They may also affect the mouth, tongue, and lips, depending on the type of herpes.

Even condoms and other barrier protection methods may not prevent the virus from spreading. This is particularly so if someone has a sore or a blister that is not completely covered by a condom or dental dam.

People who have oral herpes may also spread the herpes infection to the genitals of their sexual partners through oral sex.

It is possible for a person to have herpes for many years without having an outbreak of sores. Even people who have only ever had one outbreak, or who have no symptoms but have never been tested, may have herpes.

Herpes is not curable, but medications can manage symptoms.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a highly contagious bacterial infection that spreads through sexual contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth of a person with the disease.

Many people who have gonorrhea do not have any symptoms at all. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

genital discharge
painful bowel movements
itching or burning during urination
white, green, or yellow discharge from the penis
bleeding between periods
Gonorrhea is treatable, but it can cause serious complications if left untreated. In women, untreated gonorrhea can cause a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease. This syndrome may lead to infertility. Less frequently, gonorrhea may also cause infertility in men.

Syphilis
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that spreads through vaginal, oral, penile, anal, or skin contact with syphilis sores. The sores may be small or unnoticeable, so the only way for a person to know for sure whether they have syphilis is to get tested.

Syphilis is treatable, but if it is left untreated, it can cause organ failure, dementia, and other serious health problems.

In its earliest stage, syphilis presents as many small, blister-like sores. The sores appear where syphilis entered the body, so people who get syphilis from oral sex may have sores on their genitals or near their mouth.

As syphilis develops, it causes rashes and harms the mucous membranes. In later stages, it can cause serious problems in many organs, including the heart and brain.

Other conditions

Other infections are less likely to spread through oral sex, though infection is still possible.

These include:

HIV, which is transmitted when infected bodily fluids come into direct contact with another person's bloodstream. In its earliest stages, HIV may not cause any symptoms. Over time, the disease weakens the immune system.

Chlamydia, which spreads through vaginal, oral, penile, or anal contact with an infected person. Most people do not have symptoms. For those who do, genital itching or burning may occur, along with difficulty or pain urinating.

Pubic lice, which are tiny insects that feed on the blood and live in the pubic hair. The insects can also live on other body hair, but not on the scalp. Pubic lice can jump from one person to another through physical contact.
Hepatitis B and C, which are viruses that attack the liver. They can spread through contact with infected bodily fluids. Symptoms may begin with flu-like symptoms. In some people, the virus can cause acute liver failure or chronic liver problems.

Genital warts, which are lumps and bumps on or near the genitals caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The disease spreads when people come into physical contact with a genital wart. Many people with genital warts have no symptoms, though some have pain and itching near their genitals.

HIV and AIDS

HIV is present in blood, breast milk, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, semen, and pre-seminal fluid. To contract the disease, an infected person's bodily fluids must come into contact with another person's bloodstream.

This can happen in three ways:

through contact with an open wound, even a tiny one
through contact with a mucous membrane, such as the vagina
through direct contact with the bloodstream, such as through sharing needles
Oral sex does not provide direct contact with the bloodstream. To get HIV from oral sex, the bodily fluids of the infected person would need to come into contact with a torn mucous membrane or wound on their partner.

It is also possible to transmit the virus when the person giving oral sex has an open wound in their mouth or another area of the body that comes into contact with the recipient's mucous membranes or an open wound.

AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is the name given to a condition in which a person's immune function is absent due to a chronic HIV infection. AIDS can lead to a range of unusual infections and illnesses, but AIDS cannot be directly transmitted — a person will contract HIV first before developing AIDS.

How contagious a virus is may change over time or with treatment. In the case of HIV, for example, higher viral loads or higher quantities of the virus in the blood make the virus more contagious.

Prevention

The only strategy that can eliminate the risk of transmitting oral STIs is avoiding all sexual activity, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex.

To reduce the risk while remaining sexually active, a person can:

getting tested regularly for STIs and asking all partners to do the same
considering a monogamous, committed relationship with a person who has been screened for STIs

using barrier methods, such as condoms or dental dams, to reduce the risk of transmission

avoiding sex with someone who has a visible outbreak of herpes, genital warts, pubic lice, or syphilis

treating any STIs quickly as prompt treatment can eliminate or reduce the risk of spreading the infection

Outlook
Sexually active people should talk to a doctor about the risk of oral sex with an infected person. In some cases, there are precautions a person can take against getting infected.

In all cases, open communication with a partner and keeping up to date with reliable medical information can help people make wise decisions.

[Big Sexy]

Causes and treatment of ovary pain
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320408.php

While most women are not regularly aware of their ovaries, many women do experience pain or discomfort in that area from time to time.
The ovaries are two small glands situated on either side of the lower pelvis. They play a vital role in reproduction, the menstrual cycle, and the development of sexual characteristics in women.

Each month, one follicle will mature into an egg, which is released from the ovary in a process known as ovulation. For most women, this occurs regularly from puberty until menopause.

Causes of ovary pain
Here are seven of the most common causes of ovarian pain:

1. Ovulation

Ovulation pain is also known as Mittelschmerz, which comes from the German words for "pain" and "middle."

Ovulation is the process of an egg being released from the ovary and occurs on or around day 14 of the average menstrual cycle.

Some women do not feel anything during ovulation, but other women feel severe discomfort for several minutes or hours when they ovulate.

Mittelschmerz can occur on one or both sides of the body and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, bleeding, or increased vaginal discharge.

Treatment

There is no treatment necessary for Mittelschmerz, although some women take the birth control pill to prevent ovulation and the discomfort that comes with it.

2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that has spread to the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes. Most of the time, the bacteria causing PID is sexually transmitted, such as from gonorrhea or chlamydia.

It is also possible to get PID from an infection after childbirth, IUD insertion, miscarriage, abortion, or another invasive procedure.

Treatment

PID requires antibiotics to treat the underlying infection. Mild PID can be treated with a single injection, while more severe PID may require a stay in the hospital for intravenous antibiotics

3. Torsion
The ovary is connected to the abdominal wall by a thin ligament, through which the blood vessels and nerves that supply the ovary also pass. It is possible for that ligament to twist, or even become knotted.

Torsion is more common if there is a cyst on the ovary because the cyst makes the ovary heavier or larger than usual.

Treatment

Ovarian torsion causes severe ovarian pain and is a medical emergency. Without quick treatment, the ovary may die because of the loss of blood supply.

4. Endometriosis
Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of menstrual tissue outside of the uterus. This tissue can grow anywhere in the abdomen or pelvis, including on the ovary, and it behaves in the same way as it does during a menstrual cycle.

At the beginning of the cycle, the tissue grows in response to the hormones in the body.

Once menstruation begins, the tissue also starts to peel off and shed, just like the lining of the uterus. This can cause internal bleeding, scar tissue, and severe abdominal or pelvic pain.

Treatment

Treatment for endometriosis can be either medical or surgical, depending on how severe it is. There is no cure for endometriosis, but women can manage it with pain medications, hormonal medications, and surgery.

5. Ovarian cyst
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that grows on a woman's ovary. Ovarian cysts are very common and in most cases do not cause any symptoms.

A large or ruptured cyst, however, can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

pain
bloating
changes in menstrual periods
frequent urge to urinate
feeling full
general discomfort
Most cysts are benign (non-cancerous), but in extremely rare cases they may be cancerous.

Treatment

If an ovarian cyst is small, the recommended treatment may be to watch and wait to see if it goes away.

Some doctors will prescribe a birth control pill to help the cyst shrink. If the cyst is very large, surgery to remove the cyst may be necessary.

6. Ovarian remnant syndrome
Ovarian remnant syndrome only occurs in women who have had their ovaries and fallopian tubes surgically removed.

If any of the ovarian tissue remains in the pelvis, it can continue to respond to and produce hormones.

This can cause pain that is either constant or comes and goes. Women with ovarian remnant syndrome can also experience pain during sex, when urinating, or having a bowel movement.

Treatment

A woman with ovarian remnant syndrome may need medication or radiation treatment to destroy any remaining ovarian tissue. This will reduce the hormones produced by the leftover tissue.

7. Referred pain
It is possible that a medical condition in another organ can cause pain that feels like it is coming from the ovaries. These can include appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, kidney stones, constipation, or early pregnancy.

Treatment

A doctor will first need to determine what is causing the pain, and then figure out the best course of treatment.

This may mean surgery to remove an appendix or ectopic pregnancy, laxatives to relieve constipation, or pain relief until a kidney stone has passed.

When to see a doctor

Anytime a woman is having unusual pain in her pelvis she should check in with a healthcare professional. The doctor will be able to perform a pelvic exam or order additional diagnostic tests to help figure out the source of the pain.

Complications associated with ovarian pain depend on what is causing the discomfort.

For example, there are no health complications or long-term problems associated with Mittelschmerz, but a ruptured appendix can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.

Untreated ovarian torsion can lead to the death of the ovary, loss of fertility, and even severe infection or death. The pain associated with ovarian torsion is usually very severe and prompts a woman to call for emergency medical help.

Endometriosis or infections, such as PID, require treatment so that they do not cause other long-term health problems, such as infertility.

Appendicitis or a ruptured ovarian cyst can cause infection or scarring in the pelvis, and can even be life-threatening if left untreated.

It is especially important to seek immediate medical care if the pain is suddenly very severe, or is accompanied by other symptoms, such as:

nausea
vomiting
fever
vaginal bleeding
Very severe pain should be evaluated quickly, which may mean going to the emergency department.

Takeaway

Ovarian pain may or may not have a serious cause. Even if the pain is not severe, it is important to mention the discomfort to a doctor so that it can be evaluated.

There may be a simple way to relieve the pain, or it may be more serious and require treatment. In either case, it is better to get checked out to be sure.

[Big Sexy]

What is penis shrinkage and why does it happen?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320883.php

Penis shrinkage is a decrease in penis size. Sometimes, the shrinkage is permanent, and other times, it is the result of a treatable condition or due to lifestyle habits.

Penis size varies amongst men, and in some cases, considerably. A study shows that neither race nor ethnicity has anything to do with penis size.

While many men may think they have above average size penises, most fall into the range experts consider normal size.

Fast facts on penis shrinkage:

Men who are dissatisfied with their penis size may look for ways to increase its size.
As men age, their penises and testicles will experience some shrinkage.
Many men report that their penis appears smaller when they gain weight.

Research on average penis size

Research from BJU International finds average penis size falls within the following ranges:

Average length of a flaccid penis: 9.16 centimeters (about 3.6 inches)
Average length of a flaccid stretched penis: 13.24 cm (about 5.3 inches)
Average length of an erect penis: 13.12 cm (about 5.2 inches)
Average circumference of a flaccid penis: 9.31cm (about 3.7 inches)
Average circumference of an erect penis: 11.66 cm (about 4.6 inches)

What are the causes of penis shrinkage?

Penis shrinkage is widespread as men age, but there are many other reasons why a penis may shrink:

Aging
As men age, fatty deposits build up in the arteries causing reduced blood flow to the penis. This results in the muscle cells in the erectile tubes inside the penis becoming weaker. The erectile tubes produce erections when they are engorged with blood, so less blood flow means smaller or fewer firm erections.

Another possible reason for penis shrinkage is a buildup of scar tissue caused by years of small injuries from sex and sports. This accumulation of scar tissue affects the spongy erectile tissues of the penis, causes penis shrinkage, and limits erection size.

Weight Gain
The impact of weight gain, particularly around their stomachs, is a genuine concern for many men as they age.

Although a man's penis may appear smaller with weight gain, it has not shrunk. The reason it looks smaller is that the penis is attached to the abdominal wall, and when belly expands, it pulls the penis inward. If a man loses weight, his penis will regain its usual shape and size.

Prostate surgery
Research shows men who have had cancerous prostate gland removal surgery (radical prostatectomy) may experience some penis shrinkage. One report in the International Journal of Impotence Research found that 71 percent of men who underwent a radical prostatectomy experienced some penis shrinkage.

But researchers do not quite know why shrinkage occurs after a radical prostatectomy. Some researchers think it might be related to the urethral tube, which connects to the urinary bladder, shortening during the prostatectomy.

Peyronie's disease
In Peyronie's disease, fibrous scar tissue develops inside the penis causing it to become curved during erection. Most of the time, a curved erection is not a reason for concern, but for some men, the bend might be significant or painful.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Peyronie's affects up to 23 percent of men ages 40 to 70. It is possible that more men have this condition but have not reported it to their doctors due to embarrassment. While Peyronie's develops with age, it has been seen in men as young as 30, according to NIDDK.

Peyronie's can cause a reduction in length and circumference of a man's penis. Sometimes, Peyronie's goes away on its own; most of the time, however, it will either stay the same or get worse. Doctors will only consider treatment if the bend is painful or prevents sexual intercourse. Surgery can be done to remove scar tissue causing the shrinkage, bending, or pain.

Medications
Some medications can cause penis shrinkage. These medicines include Adderall, prescribed for attention deficit or hyperactivity, some antidepressants and antipsychotics, and some drugs prescribed to treat an enlarged prostate.

One 2012 study reported in the Journal of Sexual Medicine found that some of the male study subjects taking finasteride to treat enlarged prostate reported smaller penis size and reduced sensation.

One 2014 study reported in the journal Urology found that 41 percent of men taking dutasteride for the treatment of enlarged prostate experienced some form of sexual dysfunction.

Smoking
Chemicals from cigarette smoking can injure the blood vessels in the penis, preventing the penis from filling with blood and stretching. Regardless of the stimuli and the effect on the brain, if the blood vessels are damaged, the penis will not achieve an erection.

A study carried out in 1998 by the Boston University of Medicine examined the erect penises of 200 men. According to one report, the results of the study found smokers had shorter erect penises compared to men who did not smoke. Researchers believe this is because smoking inhibits blood flow, preventing the penis from stretching, which might reduce penis length.

Smoking is also associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), this according to a 2017 study reported in the BJU International. ED affects a man's ability to maintain an erection, and smoking may prevent erections.

What are the treatment options?

Most causes of penis shrinkage, such as smoking and weight gain, can be addressed by making lifestyle changes. If medications are causing the penis to shrink, an adjustment in medication can reverse the shrinkage.

For some men who experience penis shrinkage after prostate removal, the condition may improve on its own within a few months to a year. Penile rehabilitation (a form of physical therapy) after surgery can help men regain erectile function, and medications, such as Viagra and Cialis, can boost blood flow to the penis.

Treatment for Peyronie's disease focuses on removing scar tissue from inside the penis, either with medication, surgery, or ultrasound technology. Penis shrinkage is irreversible but repairing the curvature can help improve sexual function and reduce pain.

When to see a doctor

Most of the time, penis shrinkage is related to age, medication, or lifestyle habits, such as smoking or weight gain, and rarely requires treatment. Adopting more healthful lifestyle habits or changing medication can often reverse shrinkage and reduce other sexual problems.

Any man who is experiencing penis shrinkage, pain, or other sexual problems, or has concerns about cancer, should talk to their doctor. A doctor, or urologist, can answer questions, reassure male patients, and offer testing and treatment if necessary.

[Big Sexy]

What you should know about date rape drugs
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320409.php

Any drug that alters a person's consciousness in a way that makes self-defense or sound decision-making difficult can be a date rape drug.
Most estimates suggest that at least 25 percent or 1 in 4 of American women have been sexually assaulted or raped. Someone the victim knows, sometimes with the assistance of a date rape drug, commits most rapes.

Knowing the most common date rape drugs, their side effects, and the signs of a perpetrator planning to use one can prevent victimization.

Fast facts on date rape drugs:
Many people worry about a perpetrator adding a date rape drug to an alcoholic drink.
The primary sign of being drugged is a sudden, unexplained change in consciousness.
A person who thinks they may have been drugged should seek safety first and foremost.

Types and their side effects

Date rape drugs make a sexual assault, including rape easier in one or more ways, such as:

making a victim more compliant and less able to say no
weakening a victim so they are unable to resist or fight back
making a victim fully or partially unconscious
weakening a victim's inhibitions, so they consent to sexual activity they may otherwise decline

Any drug that changes a potential victim's state of mind, including some prescription drugs, street drugs such as heroin, and popular drugs such as marijuana, can be a date rape drug.

The most common date rape drugs are:

Alcohol
Alcohol is the most popular and most readily available date rape drug. About half of acquaintance rapes involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, victim, or both. On college campuses, which are a common setting for rape, alcohol-related rape is especially common.

Alcohol lowers a person's inhibitions, makes victims less aware of their surroundings and is often readily consumed by victims. It can also spur aggressive behavior by rapists and increase their willingness to harm others.

Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are a class of anti-anxiety drugs that can also cause people to feel sleepy. A number of these drugs, including Xanax (alprazolam) and Klonopin (clonazepam), can be used as date rape drugs.

The most popular benzodiazepine date rape drug is Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). Rohypnol causes a victim to feel very relaxed, weakens their muscles, and may cause loss of muscle control. Some victims lose consciousness or feel dizzy and confused.

After Rohypnol wears off, some victims do not remember what happened. Rohypnol comes in pill form but can be dissolved in liquid, such as an alcoholic drink.

Ketamine
Ketamine is an anesthetic that acts quickly to cause feelings of relaxation. Victims may lose consciousness or be confused and compliant. They might not remember what happened while under the influence of the drug.

Unlike most other date rape drugs, ketamine acts almost immediately. A victim may not have time to realize they have been drugged.

At high doses, ketamine can cause breathing problems that may be fatal.

Ketamine comes as a white powder that may change the taste of someone's drink. Consequently, perpetrators sometimes use it in strong-tasting alcoholic beverages that may disguise the drug's presence.

GHB
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug form of a neurotransmitter that naturally occurs in the body. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help nerves send and receive signals.

GHB slows activity in the central nervous system, making users feel groggy, sleepy, and potentially confused.

At low doses, GHB can cause nausea and vomiting. At higher doses, it can cause loss of consciousness, seizures, difficulty seeing, and the inability to recall what happened when drugged.

GHB is easy to overdose on and is often manufactured in home "labs." Consequently, victims may become extremely sick after being drugged with GHB and it can be fatal.

GHB is a colorless, odorless liquid so a victim may have no idea they have been drugged.

Other date rape drugs

Any drug that changes a victim's consciousness can be used to facilitate date rape.

In some cases, the victim might even ingest the drug willingly. A person who uses heroin, for example, may be so intoxicated that they do not realize a perpetrator is attempting to rape them.

People who use drugs should, therefore, avoid taking them around certain acquaintances or in settings that might facilitate date rape.

Recognizing the signs of a date rape drug

A person who has recently accepted a drink from another person, even a friend, or who has left their drink unattended should be cautious.

Some signs to watch for include:

feeling drunk despite not having drunk any alcohol
feeling confused or disoriented
losing consciousness
not remembering how you got somewhere
being unable to remember anything after drinking
waking up feeling confused, hungover, or unable to recall the night before
genital or urinary pain and difficulty remembering what happened
torn clothes

Date rape drug or severe intoxication?
It can be hard to distinguish the effects of a date rape drug from those of alcohol, particularly after consuming large quantities of liquor.

People who are accustomed to the effects of alcohol should consider how they normally feel after drinking or when intoxicated. An unexplained change in a person's reactions to alcohol could mean a date rape drug is involved.

A person who feels significantly drunker than usual should consider the possibility that they have been drugged. The only way to know for sure is to seek medical testing.

What to do if you think you've been drugged
It is possible to lose consciousness quickly, so a person should not waste time trying to find the perpetrator or researching whether their symptoms match those of a date rape drug.

Instead, they should immediately tell a trusted friend that they suspect they may have been drugged. They or a friend should call for emergency help by dialing 911 then get themselves to a safe place.

They may want to ask a friend for a ride home or go to a public location and tell someone about the drugging.

Next, they should seek emergency medical care. Date rape drugs leave the body within a few hours, leaving no trace. After going to the emergency room or calling 911, a person should tell the doctor, nurse, or dispatcher that they may have been drugged and request immediate testing.

A person who wakes up to signs they may have been drugged must also seek emergency medical care. A hospital can use a rape kit to test for signs of sexual assault. If the police catch a perpetrator, this kit can be used to prove their guilt.

To preserve evidence, a potential victim should avoid showering or bathing until after the exam is complete.

A person who thinks they may have been a victim of a sexual assault may want to consider contacting their local rape crisis center

Protecting yourself
Some simple strategies can protect against date rape drugs:

Avoid drinking large quantities of alcohol around strangers.
Adopt the buddy system, always go out with a friend and look out for one another.
Never leave a drink unattended.
Never accept a drink from a stranger.
Never leave somewhere with a stranger, particularly after drinking.

Takeaway
Date rape is never the victim's fault, yet many victims feel guilty or ashamed. That guilt can prevent them from seeking medical care or reaching out for support to help them recover.

Rapists are the only people responsible for rape.

By acting quickly when a person thinks they might have been drugged or raped, they can protect themselves, help to catch the perpetrator, and potentially mitigate the dangerous effects of date rape drugs.

[Big Sexy]

HK scientists say new research points to 'functional cure' for HIV
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...r-hiv-10435854

HONG KONG: A research team at Hong Kong University’s AIDS Institute says it may have found a "functional cure" to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in a major breakthrough that could see a new antibody be used for both prevention and treatment.

The research by the team led by Professor Chen Zhiwei comes as China is facing a growing epidemic issue among high risk groups, including men who have sex with men and sex workers.

There are about 850,000 people in China infected with HIV, according to the UN-supported AIDS Data Hub.

The HIV virus disables the immune system and makes people far more vulnerable to infections and disease.

Chen’s discovery, which has been tested on mice, shows that the new antibody can help control the virus and eliminate infected cells.

The antibody would be able to treat all varieties of HIV – a first, Chen said - as there is no one vaccine to treat the many different types of HIV viruses.

"For our newly discovered bispecific antibody, it works for all of them, so that’s the major difference," Chen told Reuters.

Chen said a “functional cure” means the virus level would be so low as to be undetectable in the body, as long as people continued taking injections of the antibody, perhaps on a quarterly basis, or less frequently.

The findings by Chen's team have been published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, one of the world's leading biomedical journals.

People infected with HIV can keep the virus under control with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus from infecting new cells.

However, treatments must be taken daily and do not eliminate the infected cells from the body. The virus can, therefore, still exist and come back if patients stop taking their medication properly.

The new antibody would have a significantly longer half-life than current treatments, and could, for example, be administered on a quarterly basis, Chen said.

This would make it easier to administer than the daily treatment that most HIV infected patients must undergo.

While the results are promising Andrew Chidgey, chief executive of the group AIDS Concern in Hong Kong, said it did not mean the treatment would be readily available very soon.

"Governments are being very slow to implement programmes here. So just because a treatment becomes available, doesn’t mean that people will get it, or that it will have an impact.”

Chen and his team say they are aiming to bring the antibody into clinical trials and give a time frame of three to five years.


Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...r-hiv-10435854

[Big Sexy]

GSK's two-drug HIV treatment meets main goal in late stage studies
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...udies-10431302

REUTERS: GlaxoSmithKline said on Thursday that its two-drug treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, met its main goal in late stage studies: a big win after regulators warned of possible birth defects from one of the two drugs.

The safety results for the new HIV treatment, which combines dolutegravir and lamivudine, were consistent with the product labelling for the medicines, GSK's majority owned ViiV Healthcare said.

The studies were designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the two-drug combination.

U.S. and European regulators said in May they were assessing evidence that GSK's HIV drug dolutegravir might be linked to serious birth defects, casting a shadow over a medicine that has been a profit driver in recent years.

ViiV Healthcare said on Thursday it plans regulatory submissions for the two-drug combination later this year.

(Corrects drug to lamivudine not rilpivirine and removes reference to once-daily tablet in paragraph 2, removes incorrect reference to aim of the study in paragraph 3, deletes reference to European Medicines Agency approval)

(Reporting by Arathy S Nair in Bengaluru; editing by Alexander Smith and Jason Neely)

Source: Reuters
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news...udies-10431302

[Big Sexy]

Urinary hesitancy: Causes in men and women
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321087.php

Urinary hesitation is when a person has trouble starting or maintaining a urine stream. While urinary hesitancy is most common in older men due to an enlarged prostate, it can happen to both men and women of any age.
Anyone who experiences symptoms of urinary hesitancy should speak to a doctor who can rule out any underlying causes.

In this article, learn about the causes of urinary hesitancy for men and women as well as how to treat and prevent symptoms.

Causes

There is a wide range of possible causes of urinary hesitancy. Some affect both men and women, while others only affect one sex.

Some of the most common causes include:

nerve damage from accidents, strokes, diabetes, or brain damage
anesthesia from surgery
urinary tract infections
kidney or bladder stones
surgery on any part of the urinary tract
medications, such as decongestants
sexually transmitted infections
cancerous tumor causing a blockage
psychological conditions
bladder muscle disorders
voiding dysfunction

Typical causes for men

One common cause of urinary hesitancy in men is a benign, enlarged prostate. This is the most common cause in older men, but an enlarged prostate can affect younger men as well.

The prostate is a gland unique to men that surrounds the urethra. The urethra is a tube that transports urine out of the body. As the prostate enlarges over time, it puts pressure on the urethra. This increasing pressure may make it difficult for a man to start or maintain a urine stream.

Also, men may experience an inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis. Infections are often the cause of prostatitis. The inflammation puts pressure on the area around the urethra and may make it difficult to urinate.

Typical causes for women
Women are not as likely to develop urinary hesitancy as men. However, women can develop urinary hesitancy during pregnancy and after childbirth.

Women are most likely to develop urinary hesitancy after childbirth if they experience any of the following:

prolonged second stage of labor
episiotomy
perineal tearing
use of forceps or vacuum during childbirth
epidural use
baby weighing over 4000 grams
Urinary hesitancy is relatively common after childbirth due to trauma to the nerves surrounding the bladder and urinary tract.

Proper postpartum bladder care, including voiding the bladder at least once every 6 hours, can help prevent and relieve urinary hesitancy after childbirth.

Urinary tract infections are another common cause of urinary hesitancy in women.

[Big Sexy]

What causes burning in the vagina?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321104.php

A burning sensation around the vaginal area is a relatively common complaint. There are many different causes of vaginal burning, including irritants, sexually transmitted diseases, and menopause. Each cause has its own symptoms and forms of treatment.
In this article, we examine nine possible causes of a burning sensation in the vagina, along with other symptoms associated with each one. We also look at the available treatment options and potential complications.

Nine causes of vaginal burning

1. Irritation

Certain things can irritate the skin of the vagina when they come into direct contact with it. This is known as contact dermatitis.

Irritants that can cause contact dermatitis include soaps, fabrics, and perfumes. As well as burning, other signs and symptoms include:

severe itching
rawness
stinging
pain
The main form of treatment for irritation is to avoid whatever has caused the irritation. Avoiding the irritant and not itching the area allow the skin to heal. Sometimes, a person may require medication.

2. Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there is too much of certain kinds of bacteria in the vagina, affecting the area's normal balance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), BV is the most common vaginal infection in women aged 15 to 44.

One symptom of BV is a burning sensation in the vagina, which can also occur when urinating.

BV does not always cause symptoms. When it does, symptoms can also include:

white or gray vaginal discharge
pain
itching
strong fish-like odor, especially after sex
Having BV can increase a person's risk of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), so if anyone develops symptoms of BV, they should be checked and treated by a doctor. Treatment for this condition will often involve a course of antibiotics.

3. Yeast infection

An infection in the vagina caused by yeast can lead to a burning sensation. The medical term for this is candidiasis, and it is also known as thrush.

Associated symptoms include:

itching
soreness
pain during sex
pain or discomfort when urinating
discharge from the vagina
Many women get yeast infections, but some women are more likely to develop an infection if they:

are pregnant
are using hormonal forms of contraception
have diabetes
have a compromised immune system
have recently taken, or are taking antibiotics
Treatment is usually an antifungal medicine, which a woman can either apply directly in the form of a cream or take orally as a capsule.

4. Urinary tract infection

Different parts of the urinary tract can become infected, including the bladder, urethra, and kidneys.

A woman with a urinary tract infection (UTI) will likely feel burning in the vagina when urinating. Other symptoms of a UTI include:

needing to urinate suddenly or more often
pain when urinating
smelly or cloudy urine
blood in urine
pain in lower stomach
feeling tired or unwell
Doctors will usually prescribe antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections. In general, an infection will clear up in around 5 days after starting a course of antibiotics.

Repeat prescriptions may be required if an infection returns.

5. Trichomoniasis

Also known as trich, it is the most common STD in the United States. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite that is passed from one person to another during sexual intercourse.

Only around 30 percent of people with trich show any symptoms. As well as a burning sensation in the vagina, these symptoms may include:

itching, redness, or soreness
discomfort when urinating
vaginal discharge that can be clear, white, yellow, or green and with a fishy smell
Trichomoniasis is treated using metronidazole or tinidazole, which are pills taken by mouth.

6. Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is an infection where bacteria called Neisseria gonorrheae infect mucous membranes, such as the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. It is typically transmitted through sexual contact with someone who has the infection.

This STD is particularly common in people aged 15 to 24. Women can experience vaginal burning when urinating, as well as these symptoms:

pain when urinating
vaginal discharge
vaginal bleeding between periods
Gonorrhea can be cured with the right medical treatment, which often requires dual therapy. This is when a person takes two different types of drugs at the same time.

7. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and is typically transmitted through sexual contact with someone who has the infection.

Research suggests that at least 70 percent of people with chlamydia experience no symptoms, which is why the condition is sometimes known as a "silent" infection.

When symptoms do occur, they can include a burning sensation in the vagina, as well as:

increased vaginal discharge
pain when urinating and during sex
bleeding during sex and between periods
Chlamydia is treated using antibiotics. The most commonly prescribed are azithromycin and doxycycline.

8. Genital herpes

Genital herpes is caused by skin-to-skin contact with a person with the herpes virus. It is estimated that around 1 in 6 people in the U.S. aged 14 to 49 have genital herpes, and women are more prone to infection than men.

Once a person has the virus, it stays with them for life. However, they may not develop any signs or symptoms until the virus becomes active.

If the virus becomes active, they might experience a burning sensation in the vagina, which can be a symptom of genital herpes. Other symptoms include:

an itching or tingling sensation
flu-like symptoms
swollen glands
pain in the vaginal area, particularly when urinating
change in vaginal discharge
Painful sores, blisters, or ulcers may also develop after a few days.

The symptoms of genital herpes can be treated with antiviral medication but never cured.

9. Menopause

The shifting levels of hormones in a woman's body before she enters menopause can affect the vagina. Vaginal burning is one possible result of these changes, especially during sex.

Other common symptoms of menopause transition include:

hot flushes
night sweats
difficulty sleeping
reduced sex drive
vaginal dryness
headaches
mood changes
Not all women entering menopause have treatment to relieve symptoms, but there are often options available that a doctor can outline, including hormone therapy.

Home remedies
Many causes of vaginal burning require medical treatment, and anyone who has any concerns should see a doctor.

However, applying an ice pack or cold compress to the affected area can help reduce the sensation. Applying petroleum jelly to the skin can also help protect it.

Wearing cotton underwear and avoiding tight-fitting clothes can help reduce irritation in the vaginal area. It is also important to avoid products that could irritate the area further, such as perfumed soap, scented toilet paper, and sanitary products with deodorant or a plastic coating.

Possible complications
Some causes of vaginal burning, such as BV or STDs, can have some serious complications if left untreated.

STDs are particularly risky to women who are pregnant, as they can affect their baby or pregnancy. Some can be passed on to the baby when they are born. Chlamydia, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are all linked with preterm delivery.

BV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis all make people more susceptible to contracting HIV if they have sexual contact with someone who has the virus.

When to see a doctor
Many causes of vaginal burning will go away on their own over time. If they do not go away, are becoming worse, or are of a concern, then the woman should go and see a doctor.

In most cases, a doctor will prescribe medication once they have diagnosed the underlying condition causing the burning sensation.

Anyone with a sexual partner who has recently received an STD diagnosis should also consider seeing a doctor.

Outlook
Some cases of vaginal burning will go away on their own. Others will be relieved once the underlying cause is treated.

In some cases, however, there can be long-term and lasting effects depending on what caused the burning sensation. Long-term problems are most likely to develop if the underlying condition is not properly treated.

For each cause of burning sensations in the vagina, there is a treatment plan that can relieve this symptom, or help people to manage their condition.

[Big Sexy]

What can you do about mucus in urine?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321112.php

Mucus is a slimy substance produced by membranes and glands to lubricate and protect certain parts of the body. Mucus coats and protects the urinary tract, so some mucus in the urine is normal.
But too much mucus, or mucus that has changed in color or consistency, can signify an underlying condition that may need addressing.

Read on to learn more about mucus in the urine and discover what is and is not normal.

Fast facts on mucus in urine:
The bladder and urethra produce mucus to help keep the urinary tract germ-free.
Rarely, mucus in the urine can be a sign of something more serious, such as bladder cancer.
The treatment for mucus in the urine will depend on the underlying cause.

Causes of mucus in urine
There are many reasons why mucus may be present in the urine, including:

Normal discharge
As the mucus moves through the urinary tract, it flushes out germs that may otherwise cause infection.

Mucus in urine is thin and fluid-like and is typically clear, white, or off-white. The amount of mucus in urine can vary. However, large amounts of mucus, or mucus that changes color might indicate an infection or other problem.

Sometimes, women may think that they are producing more mucus in their urine, but this mucus may be coming from the vagina.

Vaginal mucus varies in amount, color, and thickness at different stages of the menstrual cycle, as well as during pregnancy.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)
UTIs are among the most common types of infection treated by doctors every year. Both men and women can get UTIs, although they are much more common among females. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, at least 40 to 60 percent of women will experience at least one UTI in their lifetime.

Symptoms of a UTI include:

mucus in the urine
blood in the urine
burning sensation when urinating
urinary urgency
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
STIs are more common than many people think, with 20 million new infections being contracted every year in the United States. Young people are most at risk, and the American Sexual Health Association reports that half of all sexually active people will get an STI by the age of 25.

Both chlamydia and gonorrhea are known to cause excess mucus in the urine. This symptom is particularly noticeable in men.

Other symptoms of these STIs include:

Chlamydia:

burning sensation when urinating
general pain and discomfort in the pelvic area
testicular pain and inflammation
vaginal bleeding (unrelated to menstruation)
white, cloudy discharge

Gonorrhea:

general pain and discomfort in the pelvic area
pain when urinating
vaginal bleeding (unrelated to menstruation)
yellow or green discharge

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

IBS is considered a functional digestive disorder. This means that the digestive tract appears normal and does not show damage or inflammation, but it does not function normally. IBS is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, affecting 10 to 15 percent of people worldwide.

One possible symptom of IBS is mucus in the digestive tract. Although mucus is present in the large intestine (colon) and leaves the body through the anus, it may mix with urine in the toilet bowl — leading people to think the mucus is in their urine.

Other common IBS symptoms include:

abdominal pain
bloating
constipation
diarrhea
gas

Ulcerative colitis (UC)
UC is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. Up to 907,000 Americans have UC.

To combat damage to the colon, the body may produce excess mucus, which passes from the body in the stool. Again, it can mix with urine in the toilet, giving the impression that there is too much mucus in the urine.

Additional symptoms of UC are:

abdominal pain and cramps
anemia
bleeding from the anus
diarrhea
fatigue
fever
weight loss

Kidney stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits that form inside the kidneys. They comprise various minerals and salts. A man's lifetime risk of getting kidney stones is 19 percent, while a woman's risk is 9 percent.

Stones that remain in the kidneys do not cause symptoms, but if they move into the urinary tract they can cause increased mucus, as well as:

a persistent need to urinate
blood in the urine
nausea
pain in the abdomen and lower back
vomiting

Signs of bladder cancer

In cases of bladder cancer, other signs and symptoms usually show up first, including:

blood in the urine
difficulty urinating
fatigue
painful urination
the urge to urinate frequently
It is more likely that mucus in the urine is related to an infection, digestive condition, or one of the other causes discussed above.

The only way to be sure is to see a doctor.

When to see a doctor
Anyone who experiences excessive amounts of mucus in the urine or a general increase in mucus production should see a doctor. While there is typically a certain amount of mucus in the urine, too much might suggest an underlying condition that requires medical treatment.

Tests for mucus in urine
To test for mucus in the urine, a doctor may perform a urinalysis, which involves checking a urine sample under a microscope. The procedure is straightforward and noninvasive, and a person will just need to provide a container of urine.

Many doctors will carry out a urinalysis as part of a routine checkup. A doctor may also carry out tests if they suspect an individual has a UTI.

Treatment options
Common treatments for these conditions may include:

Urinary tract infection
Doctors will prescribe antibiotics for UTIs that are caused by a bacterial infection. It is also important to drink lots of water to flush the bacteria from the system.

People who experience recurrent UTIs may require a 6 month or longer course of low-dose antibiotics to prevent a new UTI developing. If a person develops a UTI that is caused by sexual activity, they will typically require a single antibiotic dose.

Sexually transmitted infections
Doctors will treat both gonorrhea and chlamydia with prescription antibiotics. There are no home remedies or over-the-counter treatments proven effective for sexually transmitted infections. Sexual partners will also require treatment for the STI.

Use condoms to prevent future STIs.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Because IBS is a chronic condition, there is no cure. However, several treatments are available to help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Medications include:

anti-diarrheal medicine, which is available over the counter or on prescription, to control diarrhea
antibiotics to treat any bacterial infections
antispasmodic drugs to prevent intestinal spasms
Dietary and lifestyle changes may also help, such as:

avoiding foods that cause gas and bloating, including cruciferous vegetables and beans
removing gluten (found in wheat, rye, and barley) from the diet
using fiber supplements to relieve constipation
managing stress, which can be a trigger for symptoms

Ulcerative colitis

As with IBS, there is no cure for UC, although there are medicines that may alleviate symptoms. Such medications include:

Anti-inflammatory medications and immunosuppressant medications: These can reduce inflammation in the body, and can be used independently or in combination.
A biologic drug: Doctors may prescribe these drugs to people with moderate to severe symptoms to block inflammation-causing proteins.
Over-the-counter painkillers and anti-diarrheal drugs: Some people may benefit from the use of these medications, but a person should only take them after consulting a doctor.
Severe cases of UC may require surgery to remove the colon and rectum.

Kidney stones
Smaller kidney stones may not require any treatment as they can pass from the body through the urine. Drinking more water can aid this process. Symptoms will resolve once the stone is removed.

Larger stones may be treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy — a procedure that breaks up the kidney stone into smaller pieces so that they can be passed more easily.

Surgery may be needed to remove very large kidney stones.

Takeaway
As discharge is part of a healthy urinary system, moderate amounts are not cause for alarm. However, excessive amounts of mucus in the urine will need to be investigated so that a doctor can determine the underlying cause.

Once a cause is identified, it can usually be treated with medication, lifestyles changes, or other appropriate interventions.

[Big Sexy]

How long do genital warts last? What to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321127.php

Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus. They can disappear on their own over time, but usually heal faster with treatment.
They appear as flesh-colored bumps around the genitals and are usually soft to the touch.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Once infected, a person cannot get rid of HPV.

Not everyone with HPV has genital warts. As a symptom, warts come and go. While there is no cure, they can be managed with creams or other treatments.

How long do genital warts last?

Genital warts can disappear without treatment. This will usually happen within 2 years, though it can take longer. Warts left untreated are likely to return more quickly. People can eliminate genital warts much faster with treatment.

For a person using cream, it may take as little as a few months for warts to disappear. They may go away more quickly following a surgical procedure.

Treatment

Genital warts may appear within weeks, months, or years of a person contracting HPV.

An outbreak will present as lumps anywhere around the genitals. In some cases, outbreaks can also appear on the throat, mouth, lips, or tongue.

In addition to clearing up genital warts more quickly, treatment can:

ease associated pain, itching, and irritation
lower the risk of spreading HPV to other people
Treatments for genital warts include:

Topical creams

A doctor can prescribe a topical cream, or recommend an over-the-counter variety. It is important to note that over-the-counter remedies for regular warts cannot treat genital warts.

Creams for genital warts include:

Sinecatechins

This cream is made from green tea extract and is prescribed to manage external and anal genital warts. Apply this to the affected area three times daily for up to 4 months.

Sinecatechins is highly effective, and most people tolerate it well.

Side effects may include:

a burning sensation
pain or discomfort in the area
itching
redness

Imiquimod

Imiquimod works to get rid of external genital warts and has also been used to treat some skin cancers. Apply the ointment directly to warts at least 3 days a week for up to 4 months.

Imiquimod can also help to boost a person's immune system, encouraging it to fight the HPV infection. However, studies have shown it to be effective in just over 50 percent of people. Also, women observed a complete disappearance of warts more often than men.

Side effects can include:

redness or swelling in the area
a burning sensation
itching
tenderness
flaky or scabby skin


Cryotherapy

This involves the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze off genital warts. The nitrogen causes a blister to form around each wart, and the warts will fall away as the blisters heal.

Cryotherapy is a quick and effective solution, although many people require multiple treatments to maintain results over time.

Side effects of cryotherapy may include:

pain
swelling of the area
a mild burning sensation

Electrodesiccation

In this procedure, a surgeon burns genital warts with an electrical current. The dried tissue is then scraped away, leaving the person wart-free.

A person will usually receive general anesthetic. Healing time can take between 4 and 6 weeks.

Electrodesiccation is considered very effective. Controlled trials have reported that up to 94 percent of people who received this treatment were wart-free after 6 weeks.

Side effects may include:

bleeding
infection
scarring
changes in the color of the skin

Laser surgery
A surgeon also performs this procedure, using laser light to burn away the tissue of the wart.

A person will usually receive either local or general anesthesia, depending on the number and size of the warts.

A doctor may recommend laser surgery when warts are:

difficult to access
difficult to treat by other means
extensive
prominent
Recovery is expected to take around 4 weeks.

Side effects of laser surgery may include:

bleeding
scarring
pain
soreness and irritation in the area

Preventing transmission

If a person has HPV, it is vital that they tell their partners before engaging in sexual activity.
A person can reduce the risk of infecting a partner by abstaining from sex until an outbreak of warts has been cleared for 2 weeks.

However, HPV can still spread from person to person, even if no warts are present.

Wearing a condom or dental dam will reduce the risk of transmitting HPV and other STIs.

Outlook

While genital warts may eventually disappear without treatment, HPV remains infectious. It is therefore essential to wear a condom during sexual activity.

Treatment can help to eliminate genital warts and reduce future outbreaks, although it may take several months to be effective. Repeated treatment may be necessary, and warts may still return.

[Big Sexy]

What do different types of vaginal discharge mean?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321131.php

Vaginal discharge is fluid that contains a mix of vaginal secretions and cervical mucus. The amount of vaginal discharge produced varies from woman to woman but is often normal and healthy.
Pregnancy, changing hormones, or the presence of an infection can also affect the consistency and amount of vaginal discharge.

Usually, vaginal discharge starts after a girl gets her first menstrual period and has several functions. It naturally keeps the vagina clean, provides lubrication during sexual intercourse, and may help prevent infection.

What is normal vaginal discharge?

Vaginal discharge can be abnormal or normal. In many cases, it does not signify a problem.

Normal vaginal discharge is clear, may be thick or thin, and is usually odorless. The amount produced and the consistency may change at different times during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle.

For instance, discharge may become heavier, thicker, and more noticeable when a woman is ovulating. It may also be white at this time.

The amount of discharge may also change due to sexual activity and the use of birth control.

Types of vaginal discharge

There are different types of vaginal discharge based on consistency and color. Changes in the color, amount, or smell of vaginal discharge may indicate a problem.

In some cases, it is difficult to make a diagnosis based on vaginal discharge alone. Other symptoms such as burning, itchiness, or irritation are often a better indication of a problem.

Below are different types of vaginal discharge and their possible causes.

White
Different shades of white discharge may be normal, especially if it occurs during ovulation or just before a woman's period. As long as there is no vaginal itching, burning, or unusual smell accompanying the discharge, there is probably no underlying issue.

But in other instances, white vaginal discharge could be a sign of an infection. If the discharge is clumpy and looks similar to cottage cheese, it may be due to a yeast infection.

A yeast infection may also cause vaginal itching and burning. It occurs due to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called Candida.

Thin, white vaginal discharge that has a strong fishy odor may indicate bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is the most common vaginal infection in women between 15 and 44. Other symptoms may include burning on urination and vaginal itching.

Yellow

Yellow discharge may or may not indicate an infection. If the discharge is a pale yellow, odorless, and not accompanied by other symptoms, it may not be a cause for concern.

In other instances, yellow discharge can be a sign of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or a bacterial infection.

Causes of yellow discharge include:

Trichomoniasis, which may also cause itching, pain during urination, and an unpleasant odor.
Chlamydia, which often does not have any symptoms.

Clear

Clear vaginal discharge is typically normal. However, the amount may vary during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle and between individuals.

For instance, clear discharge may be stretchy and have an egg white consistency around the time of ovulation.

Prevention

Normal vaginal discharge does not need to be prevented. However, taking the following precautions can sometimes prevent abnormal discharge:

Avoid douching, which can destroy the good bacteria that help prevent vaginal infections.
Wear cotton underwear, which absorbs moisture and may prevent a yeast infection.
Practice safe sex by using a condom, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting tested regularly for STIs.
Use unscented soaps, tampons, and pads. Scented or strong products may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection.

When to see a doctor

Vaginal discharge is often nothing to be concerned about, but there are times when changes in discharge can indicate a problem.

Different types of infections can have similar symptoms, but they are treated differently. It is essential to see a doctor if any of the following develops:

green, yellow, or gray discharge
vaginal itching or burning
discharge that is frothy, foamy, or looks like cottage cheese
a fishy or unpleasant odor
pelvic pain
To determine the cause of abnormal discharge, the doctor may ask about any additional symptoms, a person's general health, and their sexual history.

Treatment for the underlying cause of abnormal vaginal discharge will vary and may include antibiotics or antifungal medication.

Takeaway

Vaginal discharge is often normal, but there are instances when the color, amount, or consistency of discharge may indicate a problem.

Yeast infections, STIs, and BV can all lead to a change in vaginal discharge. In most cases, causes of abnormal vaginal discharge can be treated successfully.

[Big Sexy]

Can masturbation cause hair loss?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321153.php

There are many myths surrounding masturbation, but is there any truth to the theory that masturbation can make your hair fall out?
People often find masturbation difficult to discuss, which may explain why this topic attracts so many myths.

This myth that masturbation causes hair loss may come from theories about protein loss or changes in testosterone.

However, these myths rarely hold water, and masturbation is a regular part of life for many people — in a survey of more than 2,000 adults, 80 percent of men and women reported masturbating.

In this article, we take a closer look at why people think that masturbation might cause hair loss. We also investigate other masturbation myths and facts, and look at real causes of hair loss.

Does masturbation cause hair loss?

In a word, no — there is no scientific evidence that masturbating causes hair loss.

This myth may come from the idea that semen contains high levels of protein, and so with each ejaculation, the body is losing protein that it could use for hair growth.

While it is true that semen is high in protein — with approximately 5.04 grams (g) of protein per 100 milliliters (mL) of semen — each ejaculation contains just 3.3 to 3.7mL of semen, which is a comparatively small amount.

Another theory is that masturbation increases testosterone, which in turn increases the levels of a hormone linked to hair loss, called DHT (dihydrotestosterone).

However, a study from 2001 showed that adult males actually had an increase in testosterone levels after abstaining from masturbation for 3 weeks. This means that testosterone levels might actually rise if a person avoids ejaculating.

In either case, there is no evidence to suggest that masturbation increases DHT levels.

Busting other masturbation myths
Many myths exist about masturbation, but modern science has not proven it as the cause of any specific physical ailments.

Alongside hair loss, there is no evidence that masturbation will:

cause hair to grow on the palms of the hands
lead to blindness
do permanent damage to the genitals
cause impotence in men and infertility in women
Many people find masturbation difficult to talk about, which means that myths about masturbation can be very persistent.

Benefits of masturbation

Masturbation may have many benefits, including:

Understanding the body

Masturbation may help a person to become more familiar and comfortable with their body, helping them understand their sexual sensations and what gives them pleasure.

Studies have reported that women who masturbate early in life may be more likely to have positive sexual experiences as an adult, and a healthy self-image.

Physical health

Orgasms, whether achieved alone or with a partner, support and strengthen the circulatory, nerve, and muscular systems of the genitals in men and women.

For men, orgasms may help to keep sperm and semen healthy. A study published in 2016 reports that frequent ejaculation may reduce a man's risk of developing prostate cancer.

Stress relief

Many people use masturbation as a way to relieve stress or help with sleep. It may be considered a risk-free way to experience sexual pleasure, since it cannot lead to pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Risks of masturbation

Although many people find it difficult to talk about, there are few risks associated with masturbation. It may become a problem if it begins to:

interfere with school, work, or other aspects of an individual's life
cause problems in a relationship
cause excessive guilt
be too rough, resulting in swelling or decreased sexual sensitivity
If a person is worried that masturbation is becoming a problem, a doctor or sex therapist will be able to advise on the best course of action.

What causes hair loss?

The actual cause of hair loss is most often a combination of heredity and hormones, not masturbation.

Common causes of hair loss include:

Male pattern baldness

Androgenetic alopecia or pattern baldness is a genetic disorder and is the most common cause of hair loss.

An individual with androgenetic alopecia has a genetic sensitivity to DHT. When exposed to DHT, the hair follicles shrink, which prevents them from generating strong, healthy hair.

According to the American Hair Loss Organization, male pattern baldness (MPB) causes over 95 percent of hair loss in men and may affect 85 percent of men by the time they are 50.

Although women have lower levels of testosterone than men, androgenetic alopecia can also affect females. According to the British Association of Dermatologists, about 50 percent of women over the age of 65 will experience androgenetic alopecia.

Alopecia areata

This form of alopecia typically results in bald patches developing on the head or elsewhere. The hairless areas may stay contained and hair may re-grow, or the hair loss can spread to include the entire scalp, facial area, and body.

Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune condition. It can affect men, women, or children.

This condition affects about 2 percent of people. For about 30 percent of people with this condition, hair loss is recurring or can become permanent.

Chemotherapy

While chemotherapy typically focuses on cancer cells, some of the cancer-fighting compounds in chemotherapy drugs can cause as much as 90 percent of a person's hair to fall out. This hair loss is temporary, and the hair should regrow following treatment.

Major bodily stress

Major stress to the body, such as childbirth, serious infection, or malnutrition, can result in a significant loss of hair.

This form of hair loss usually resolves on its own, but it may also be persistent.

Traction alopecia

This form of alopecia occurs when the hair is pulled too tightly for a long time, resulting in damage to the hair follicles.

Traction alopecia occurs when a person wears cornrows, extensions, tight braids, or ponytails for an extended period.

In its early stages, this hair loss is temporary. However, if a person continues to wear the same hairstyle for months or years, the hair loss can become permanent.

Medication

Some medications, including birth control pills and certain antidepressants, can cause hair loss as a side effect.

Takeaway

Masturbation is a common activity that will not affect a person's health or lead to hair loss.

Anyone who wants to talk about the benefits or problems associated with masturbation should speak to their doctor, or a sex therapist. Likewise, anyone worried about hair loss should discuss it with a healthcare professional.

[Big Sexy]

Why might urination happen during intercourse?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321156.php

It is possible for women to urinate during sex. During sex, pressure can be put on the bladder by the penis, fingers, or another object.

This is because the bladder in a woman's body is close to the vagina and clitoris. As a result, prodding the bladder in some way during sex is a relatively common occurrence.

There is also some debate about whether female ejaculation is urine or another sort of fluid. Female ejaculation does not happen to all women, but some experience fluid coming from the urethra during orgasm.

Columbia University have described this fluid as not being urine or vaginal fluid. However, a different study claims that this fluid is the uncontrolled release of urine.

In this article, we examine the causes of urination during sex. We also take a look at treatment and management options, along with how to prevent urination from occurring at this time.

Causes

The main reason for women urinating during sex is because of incontinence. This is when someone urinates unintentionally and uncontrollably.

The National Association for Continence estimate that around 25 million people in the United States are affected by bladder or bowel incontinence in some way.

Women are up to five times more likely to be affected by urinary incontinence than men.

Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition among women. As female reproductive and urinary systems share parts of the body, this condition can interfere with sexual intercourse.

One study reported that around 60 percent of women with UI experience some sort of urinary leakage during sex.

Doctors split UI into three different types:

stress urinary incontinence
urgency urinary incontinence
mixed urinary incontinence
Stress urinary incontinence

This is the most common type of UI that occurs during sex, with around 51 percent of cases being caused by stress urinary incontinence.

It occurs when an activity, such as sex, puts stress on the bladder. Other common triggers include:

laughing
lifting something heavy
coughing
sneezing
Urgency urinary incontinence

Urgency urinary incontinence refers to the sudden and uncontrollable need to urinate, which is a symptom of an overactive bladder.

In a properly functioning bladder, the need to urinate usually arises when it is around half full. People are able to wait until an appropriate time to use the toilet.

In urgency urinary incontinence, the bladder contracts too early, making a person suddenly need the toilet and sometimes leaking urine before they get there. The exact cause is unknown, but it appears to be more common in older people.

Mixed urinary incontinence

Mixed urinary incontinence is when incontinence can either be caused by stress or urgency. This form of UI is more common than just urgency urinary incontinence on its own.

Male incontinence

The opening of the bladder in a man's penis closes during sex so that urine does not mix with semen. As a result, urination during sex does not often occur among men.

However, some men can experience incontinence during sex as a side effect of treatment for prostate cancer.

The American Cancer Society estimate that around 1 in 9 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. A common form of treatment for prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy, which is the complete removal of the prostate.

While often effective in treating cancer, one side effect can be incontinence when sneezing, coughing, exercising, or during sex.

Risk factors

Some women can be born with risk factors that make their chance of having UI more likely. These includes:

the urinary tract not developing properly
a family history of UI
Caucasian women are more likely to experience UI than Hispanic, Latina, African-American, or Asian-American women.

UI is not a disease but a symptom of another condition or event that has happened in someone's life. There are some common risk factors for UI, which include:

childbirth
chronic coughing
menopause
physical inactivity
obesity
getting older
pregnancy

When to see a doctor

If someone thinks that they may be urinating during sex, they should speak to their doctor. This can help determine whether it is because of incontinence or something else.

If it is incontinence then the doctor will be able to discuss what may be the best treatment going forward.

Treatment options

The treatment options for UI are split into three areas:

Pelvic floor muscle training

Exercises for the pelvic floor muscle, also known as Kegel exercises, look to strengthen this part of the body. Stronger pelvic floor muscles can hold in urine better than weaker ones.

A medical professional will be able to help teach someone the exercises and when to do them.

Surgery

An operation can help treat UI. Surgery tends to be used if the area around the urinary tract needs extra support or if the bladder neck needs to be repositioned.

The surgery will require general anesthesia, and it will often take people around 2 to 3 weeks to fully recover.

There can be serious complications with surgery for UI. It is important for people to discuss this treatment option with a doctor, to see if it is the right course of action for them.

Medication

In cases of urgency incontinence, there are different sorts of medication that can be prescribed to help relax the bladder or decrease the bladder spasms causing incontinence.

Types of medication that doctors may suggest include antimuscarinics, tricyclic antidepressants, and beta-3 agonists.

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How deep is a vagina? What to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321220.php

A woman's vagina is a sex organ as well as part of the birth canal. Just as women can have different sized breasts, hands, and feet, the size and depth of vaginas can also vary.
According to one study, the average depth of a vagina is about 3.77 inches, which is 9.6 centimeters (cm). Other sources suggest that the average range of size may be about 3 to 7 inches (approximately 7.6–17.7 cm)

However, these variations in size are not usually apparent, even to a sexual partner.

Size and appearance of the vagina

A report in the BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology said that the average depth of the vagina is about 3.77 inches (9.6 cm), but that vaginal depth and appearance can vary widely.

In fact, the depth of the vagina (from the opening to the tip of the cervix) can measure anywhere up to 7 inches (17.7 cm).

The vagina is the canal to the cervix, which separates the uterus and the vagina.

Several types of tissue line the inside of the vagina, including the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of specialized cells that secrete a lubricating fluid, which helps the vaginal walls to stretch.

The exterior portion of the female genitals is the vulva. The vulva includes the labia minora and majora — the lip-like parts of the female genitals.

The appearance of vulvas varies widely. The skin may be the same color or darker than the rest of the body. The labia majora, which are the external "lips," can vary from around 2.7 to 4.7 inches (7 to 12 cm) in length.

The clitoris ranges from about 0.1 to 1.3 inches (5 to 35 mm) in size but swells and enlarges if a woman is aroused.

What affects vaginal size?

The vagina's size and depth changes in certain situations. It can stretch to accommodate the insertion of a tampon, a finger, or a penis.

During arousal, more blood flows to the vagina. This causes the vagina to elongate and the cervix, or tip of the uterus, to lift up slightly, allowing more of a penis, finger, or sex toy to fit in the vagina.

While a vagina expands during arousal, a large penis or sex toy can still cause discomfort when having sex.

How does the vagina change over time?

The vagina will not change in appearance, as it is internal. In fact, research has found no link between the depth of a person's vagina and their age.

However, the labia may appear smaller over time. This is because the amount of estrogen in the body decreases with age, which can reduce fat and collagen.

The genitals may also appear to change color, becoming lighter or darker with hormonal changes over time.

Some women may find that their vagina feels different following childbirth. While the tissues in the vagina do stretch to accommodate a baby, this is not permanent.

Research has found no difference in vaginal length between women who had given birth and those who had not.

If a person thinks their vagina feels different after childbirth, a doctor may recommend Kegel exercises, which involve squeezing and releasing the muscles used to control urination to help strengthen the pelvic floor.

Vagina size and penis length

The average erect penis is about 33 percent longer than the average vagina. While both penis and vagina sizes can vary, these organs can usually accommodate each other.

A 2015 study found the average erect penis length to be just over 5 inches (13.12 cm). Some women may report discomfort if their sexual partner has a penis that is larger than average.

It may be painful or uncomfortable if an object such as a penis or sex toy hits the cervix. Having adequate lubrication and communicating any discomfort to a partner can help keep sexual activity pleasurable.

Self-care tips

Tips for keeping the vagina healthy include:

avoiding douching or using highly fragranced bath products, tampons, or feminine hygiene sprays
changing out of wet clothing and swimsuits as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of infection
changing pads and tampons frequently
using protection during sexual activity
refraining from wearing clothing that is too tight, which can contribute to irritation and excess sweat
urinating after sex to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Takeaway
The depth and appearance of vaginas vary greatly between individuals. Usually, the depth of the vagina is between 3 and 7 inches.

The vagina is an organ that is designed to accommodate both childbirth and sexual activity. However, if a woman is experiencing pain during sex due to what she perceives as a shallow vagina, she should talk to her doctor.

Doctors can investigate any underlying causes for the pain, and may refer someone to a specialist. A specialist may recommend pelvic floor therapy or sex therapy, which can make sex more pleasurable regardless of vaginal depth.

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Is it normal to have differently sized testicles?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321234.php

It is entirely normal for one testicle to be bigger than the other. Many people find that the right testicle is slightly larger and the left hangs lower.

A difference in size is usually nothing to worry about, though it can occasionally indicate a problem. If a testicle is painful or changes shape, a person should see their doctor as soon as possible.

In this article, we look at reasons why one testicle may be bigger than the other. We discuss complications, treatments, and explain how to perform a testicular exam at home.

Causes

There are several reasons why one testicle may be bigger. These include:

Epididymitis

The epididymis is a duct behind the testes. Epididymitis occurs when this duct becomes inflamed, usually as a result of infection. This condition can be a sign of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) chlamydia.

See a doctor if the following symptoms are present:

pain when urinating
discharge from the penis
inflammation in the testicle

Orchitis

Orchitis happens when an infection causes inflammation in the testicle. It may occur after a person catches the mumps virus.

If an individual experiences testicular pain and suspects that orchitis is the cause, they should see a doctor. This condition can damage the testicles.

Epididymal cyst

A cyst is a thin sac filled with fluid. Epididymal cysts may occur when there is excess fluid in the duct. They may also form while the epididymis is developing.

These cysts are harmless and usually painless. No treatment is necessary, and they will often go away on their own. If epididymal cysts cause discomfort, however, they can be surgically removed.

A hydrocele

A hydrocele refers to a sac that forms around the testicles and fills with fluid.

While it usually does not require treatment, a hydrocele can indicate inflammation, in which case a person should see a doctor.

A varicocele

When the veins within the scrotum become enlarged, this is called a varicocele.

It usually does not require treatment if there are no additional symptoms, but a varicocele can cause a low sperm count.

Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates and the spermatic cord is twisted.

This can cause testicular pain that is severe and lasting. If this pain follows an injury, it may subside then suddenly return.

Testicular torsion is severe and should be treated as an emergency. The twisting of the cord can reduce or block blood flow to the testicle, and without treatment the testicle may need to be removed.

Testicular cancer

Cancerous cells can appear and multiply in the testicle. A doctor should investigate lumps or new growths in the area as soon as possible.

According to the American Cancer Society, testicular cancer is uncommon, developing in about 1 in 250 males. It is most prevalent in young and middle-aged men and can usually be treated successfully.

When should a person worry?
Several signs and symptoms can indicate a problem with testicular health.

If any of the following symptoms occur with an enlarged testicle, seek medical attention as soon as possible:

a sharp pain or ache in or around the testicles
swelling of the testicles
redness
discharge from the penis
trouble passing urine
pain in the back or lower abdomen
swelling or tenderness in the breast tissue
A doctor will help to identify the underlying cause by examining the scrotum and testicles for lumps or abnormalities. If they suspect testicular cancer, they will take a blood test and ask about family history.

Other tests a doctor may recommend include:

a urine test to check for infections and kidney problems
an ultrasound to look for growths and check blood flow
a CT scan to look for testicular abnormalities
If an underlying condition is diagnosed, a doctor may prescribe medication or other treatment.

Treatment
Treatment for differently sized testicles depends on the cause. Below are common underlying conditions and their treatments.

Epididymitis. If chlamydia is the cause of epididymitis, a doctor will usually prescribe a course of antibiotics to treat the infection, and may recommend elevating the scrotum to reduce swelling.

Orchitis. If an STI is causing orchitis, a doctor will usually prescribe medication to fight the infection. Common medications include ceftriaxone (Rocephin) or azithromycin (Zithromax). Painkillers and an ice pack may help to relieve discomfort.

Testicular torsion. Testicular torsion requires treatment as soon as possible. A doctor may be able to untwist the testicle, in a procedure called manual detorsion, but surgery is often necessary to prevent reoccurrence. A delay in treatment increases the likelihood that the twisted testicle will need to be removed.

Testicular cancer. A doctor may recommend removing the testicle where the cancer is present. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination may help to reduce or destroy cancer cells. If the cancer has spread, or if it originated in another part of the body, additional treatments and surgeries may be necessary.

How to perform a testicular self-exam

It is very important to monitor the size and shape of testicles so that any change can be detected.

Perform a self-examination once a month. Be on the lookout for lumps, growths, pain, swelling, and other abnormalities.

A healthy testicle is smooth, and closer to egg-shaped than round. Lumps or abnormal protrusions should be investigated by a doctor right away.

To perform a testicular self-exam:

Ensure that the scrotum is loose before beginning.
Carefully and slowly roll the testicle between the fingers and thumb.

Thoroughly check the surface of each testicle, looking for lumps, areas that feel tender or sore, protrusions, swelling, or changes in size.

Feel along the bottom of the scrotum, reaching the epididymis, which should feel like several grouped tubes.
Check both testicles at least once a month.

Outlook

Having differently sized testicles is common.

If one testicle becomes noticeably bigger, most underlying causes are easily treated. The sooner a person consults a doctor, the better the outlook is likely to be.

If other symptoms are present, such as pain, lumps, or swelling, seek medical attention right away.

While a diagnosis of cancer is concerning, the outlook for testicular cancer is good. Treatment and support can help a person and their family to deal with this condition.